Websites that explore visual designs Research Paper

Websites that explore visual designs - Research Paper Example Almost everyone has access or has the need to surf the Internet for various purposes whether for academics, work or purely for relaxation. It is indeed a challenge to the designers of websites on how they can keep the interest of the users, or how to make the Internet surfers addicted to the site. In this study, we will analyse six quality websites that deals with visual designs of web pages.Michael Bernard's (2003) Criteria for Optimal Web Design (Designing for Usability), noticeably, does not contain any unnecessary hyperlinks that could distract the surfer; Bernard knows exactly who his users are. Being an information website, whose users are most likely students of Computer-related courses or anyone interested in web design, Bernard's text is comprehensible and focused on enhancing the website's usability.Foss identifies four reasons why users get lost within the structure: disorientation, embedded digression problem, "art museum" problem, and poor structure (as cited in Bernard, 2003). Bernard, in turn, presents solutions to these difficulties. To avoid confusion, Bernard suggests organising the site according to thetypical users' mental model of how a site should be organised; submenu titles are also helpful. Since arrangement of links can affect search time, Bernard further recommends link presentation according to category. Bernard adheres to the result of his research. I, personally, find Bernard's webpage easy to use. The navigation cues are visible at the top and the bottom of the page; the title of the next or previous page is also shown when the cursor touches the navigation cues. Access to this site is unbelievably speedy, as well. Just as I clicked on the Enter key the webpage immediately appeared. Rick Oppedisano's (2002) Common Principles: A Usable Interface Design Primer upholds the general principle of usability which is often called "transparent interface" that maximises user task completion and minimises interfering factors. Rieman, Franzke, and Redmiles (as cited in Oppedisano, 2002) discover that "when users perform a transaction or action, their cognition is often split between learning and operating the system or user interface (UI)"; hence, UI has to be well-designed to enable the user to focus more on gaining knowledge than troubling himself into finding out the operating system of the website. For this reason, Oppedisano presents "guidelines for minimising user cognitive processing and maximising interface efficiency." The basic rule for Oppedisano is having a consistent style in layout, font, and other elements. Indeed, as a user the very first thing I notice in a website is its style sheet. Fancy colors, font, and images are good to see but noticeably the fancier it gets the slower the browser becomes. However, Oppedisano's webpage has been created in the simplest form. What is good about Oppedisano's study is ensuring that users are given full concern especially when clicking on a transaction that might have a negative consequence. An ample warning should be in place. However, compared to Oppedisano, User Experience Design Director Mike Padilla (2006) tackles UI design in a more comprehensive manner. The key word in his article about taking the good with the bad UI design is compromise; that is, compromise between the downside and the benefit of certain design decisions. With the use of a table, Padilla has clearly presented the "costs and benefits of design decisions." As in writing an essay, knowing the target audience is a must as it plays a vital role in determining the appropriate writing style; as in designing websites, being able to know the site's target users will also enable the designer to plan and execute a more beneficial design. As Padilla points out, critiques can also find some flaws on a good UI design. What is a high-quality design to a user may appear cluttered;

A Problem in the Field of Finance Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Problem in the Field of Finance - Article Example chases an appropriately customized supporting contract from a backer with an underlying result halfway related with the vulnerability in the item showcase. Therefore, ProQuest demonstrates the agreement impact by detailing the transaction transforming both gatherings in the schema of a Stackelberg diversion and value harmony. For each one diversion theoretic setting, we determine the balance result and present the similar statics. We additionally research the case in which the backer lays off her hazard from one agreement by composing an alternate contract with a second firm, and contrast contract execution and a benchmark case in which two organizations exchange specifically as opposed to through the guarantor. However some state that a comparative marvel might be found in an alternate business sector for private safe holdings, the ABCP market. This wonder does not exist, on the other hand, in business sectors for dangerous obligation, for example, the corporate security market. (Xi e, 2013) ProQuest contemplates an inventory network in which a retailer confronts an excellent newsvendor issue with a monetary demand on his ability to request stock. To offer more items, the maker groups up with a bank to offer a premium free credit program. As indicated by late industry reports give or take 80 percent of retailers and suppliers accept that coordinated effort has developed in the previous three years. Regardless of this development, notwithstanding, the practice is not far reaching, and the profits attained are frequently incremental as opposed to transformational practices. Thus, it’s still not unexpected to discover double stock property inside the same system, underused truck armadas, overabundances of quick moving stock mulling in retailer warehouses, and low on-rack accessibility of a few items in particular or say, special things. ProQuest details the association between the retailer and the producer as a Stackelberg amusement in which the maker has the

Reflecting on the main issues affecting the international tourism Essay

Reflecting on the main issues affecting the international tourism sector and how these have challenged conventional forms of tou - Essay Example Section 5: How These Factors Are Being Addressed – This section discusses how governments are trying to tackle these issues. Section 6: Conclusion – This section gives a summary of the issues affecting international tourism. Section 7: References – This section states the sources that were used to come up with the findings of this paper. International Tourism Introduction International tourism is to a situation where individuals travel globally outside of their home country and region (Beaver, 2012). This refers to a short movement of individuals from their residential place to another region for diverse reasons such as recreation, business, health or other reasons (Beaver, 2012). Tourism is significant to the world due to the volume of income it brings to nations, and it enhances international relations the world over. International tourism offers tourists great services in the nations they decide to tour while they boost their economy. It aids in providing jobs to the local residents of the nations being toured not just in the tourism, as well as the service industry, but also in the manufacturing industry because many individuals return home with local keepsakes in hand. Tourists are more inclined to have disposable income, which they use in the nations they are touring (Lennon & Foley, 2000). ... Even with all the natural disasters, which have overwhelmed the world of late, as well as the tragedy of 9/11 and the 2005 London Bombing among others, individuals are still traveling the entire world to see tourist attractions and see what other nations have to offer. Other major issues affecting this field can be divided into economical factors, technological factors, political factors, demographic factors and cultural factors (Ineson, 2005). This paper will reflect on the main issues affecting the international tourism sector and how they have challenged conventional forms of tourism activity. The paper will also discuss to what extent responsible tourism presents an opportunity for addressing some of these issues. Economic Factors Intentional tourism can cost local governments, as well as local taxpayers, loads of money (UNEP, n.d). Developers might require the government to develop the roads, airport, railways and other infrastructure such as enhancing their water transport syst em, and perhaps grant tax breaks and other financial benefits, which are expensive events for the government. Public resources used on support tax breaks or infrastructure might decrease government investment in other vital areas such as health and education (Lennon & Foley, 2000). This, therefore, makes a country oppose international tourism. Raising the demand for basic goods and services from tourists will normally lead to price hikes, which disapprovingly affect locals whose proceeds do not rise proportionately (UNEP, n.d). International tourism and its associated rise in real estate demand have radically increased land values and building costs. Not

Summary of a book chapter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of a book chapter - Assignment Example The chapter focuses on the value system of terrorists and states that terrorists believe that they are fighting against enemy who lack traits and characteristics of human beings. Terrorist even believe that they are elite members of the society and are victims and they chose terrorism as an involuntary response (Combs, 2012, p.56). They even believe that the crimes they commit such as murdering innocent people is a moral act. They even believe that if their victims are closely associated with the enemy then they are even enemies. There are certain common characteristics that all terrorists share. These characteristics include high dedication towards the cause and all of them indulge in a brave act since they face the threat of being harmed (Combs, 2012, p.65). All terrorists lack emotions of regret as well as shame and that is why they kill people. They are very intelligent as they have to collect and analyze information and are involved in sophisticated activities such as living and flying in first class hotels and airlines. They are highly educated as they are able to communicate in various languages such as English language. Individuals become terrorists because they believe that they are the victims and are fighting evil. Joining terrorist groups even provide individuals with a sense of belongingness (Combs, 2012, p.68). They believe that indulging in acts of terrorism is a way to attain revenge against those who have done wrong to people they are associated with. Terrorists in the past were motivated by the aim of attaining social liberty, but now their aim has become quite political. Terrorists in the 21st century are quite away from reality and are quite irrational and that is why they prefer being recognized as prisoners of war (Combs, 2012, p.71). A major reason that drives terrorist activities in the 21st century is that

Reflecting on the main issues affecting the international tourism Essay

Reflecting on the main issues affecting the international tourism sector and how these have challenged conventional forms of tou - Essay Example Section 5: How These Factors Are Being Addressed – This section discusses how governments are trying to tackle these issues. Section 6: Conclusion – This section gives a summary of the issues affecting international tourism. Section 7: References – This section states the sources that were used to come up with the findings of this paper. International Tourism Introduction International tourism is to a situation where individuals travel globally outside of their home country and region (Beaver, 2012). This refers to a short movement of individuals from their residential place to another region for diverse reasons such as recreation, business, health or other reasons (Beaver, 2012). Tourism is significant to the world due to the volume of income it brings to nations, and it enhances international relations the world over. International tourism offers tourists great services in the nations they decide to tour while they boost their economy. It aids in providing jobs to the local residents of the nations being toured not just in the tourism, as well as the service industry, but also in the manufacturing industry because many individuals return home with local keepsakes in hand. Tourists are more inclined to have disposable income, which they use in the nations they are touring (Lennon & Foley, 2000). ... Even with all the natural disasters, which have overwhelmed the world of late, as well as the tragedy of 9/11 and the 2005 London Bombing among others, individuals are still traveling the entire world to see tourist attractions and see what other nations have to offer. Other major issues affecting this field can be divided into economical factors, technological factors, political factors, demographic factors and cultural factors (Ineson, 2005). This paper will reflect on the main issues affecting the international tourism sector and how they have challenged conventional forms of tourism activity. The paper will also discuss to what extent responsible tourism presents an opportunity for addressing some of these issues. Economic Factors Intentional tourism can cost local governments, as well as local taxpayers, loads of money (UNEP, n.d). Developers might require the government to develop the roads, airport, railways and other infrastructure such as enhancing their water transport syst em, and perhaps grant tax breaks and other financial benefits, which are expensive events for the government. Public resources used on support tax breaks or infrastructure might decrease government investment in other vital areas such as health and education (Lennon & Foley, 2000). This, therefore, makes a country oppose international tourism. Raising the demand for basic goods and services from tourists will normally lead to price hikes, which disapprovingly affect locals whose proceeds do not rise proportionately (UNEP, n.d). International tourism and its associated rise in real estate demand have radically increased land values and building costs. Not

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

A Christmas Carol Essay Children went to work as soon as they could in the industrial revolution if they were of the working class community. Many children never got an education, which Dickens believed was the only way out of poverty. There was little to do for leisure, and what was available was only really affordable for the rich, so the only affordable pleasure for the poor was sex, but as contraception wasnt available then, there was a very high birth rate resulting in thousands of children ending up in poverty. In 1839 almost half of the people who died in the UK were children under the age of ten. This was probably due to poor housing, too little food and accidents at work. If you failed to pay your bills in the Victorian era you were sent to a debtors prison or your family went to a workhouse where they would probably be split up. Then there was a greater gap between the rich and the poor. The rich knew very little about poverty and destitution and, in my opinion, thought themselves superior to the poor. Many people from the countryside went to the cities to find jobs but many lived in cheap accommodation with no running water or toilet. There werent any bin men so rubbish was thrown out onto the streets causing various diseases which was another reason for a high death rate. A Christmas Carol is about a tight-fisted, money-obsessed man called Ebenezer Scrooge. It begins with Scrooges long-term business partner, Jacob Marleys funeral. Seven years later on Christmas Eve the sign above Scrooges office still read Marley and Scrooge. Scrooges nephew visited him in his office and was full of Christmas spirit, he invited Scrooge to Christmas dinner. Scrooge called Christmas humbug and couldnt understand what he had to be merry about, What right have you to be merry? What reason have you to be merry? Youre poor enough. This is a fine example of how Scrooge only thinks of money and nothing else. As Scrooges nephew walked out, two charity workers came in. They asked him how much they could put him down to give to charity, Scrooge replied Are there no prisons? Are there no workhouses? The charity workers told him many would rather die. Scrooge then said coldly, If they would rather die, they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population. This shows how cold-hearted Scrooge is. Bob Cratchet, Scrooges clarke, asked if he may have Christmas Day off but Scrooge was very reluctant to allow it. A poor excuse for picking a mans pocket every twenty-fifth of December! But he eventually gave him the day off. This being yet another example of how Scrooge is so money-obsessed. After that, Scrooge went home. As he was opening his front door a spirit appeared in the doorknocker, then disappeared. The same happened again but on his bedroom door handle. When he got into his bedroom he locked the door. Later, as he was eating his gruel, bells started to ring, the locks on the door opened and Marleys ghost appeared. He looked the same except for a few things. The chain he drew was clasped around his middle. It was long, and wound about him like a tail, and it was made (for Scrooge observed it closely) of cash-boxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers and deeds and heavy wrought steel. Marley warned Scrooge that three ghosts would haunt him. ghosts of Christmas past, present and future. And that listening to them was the only hope of escaping the same fate as Marley. When the bell tolled one, the ghost of Christmas past visited Scrooge and took him back to his old school where he spent a depressing Christmas. The spirit also showed him a Christmas party at where he used to be an apprentice, Scrooge saw himself enjoying Christmas. Afterwards he was taken to see the breakup of him and his only love, Belle. The reason for the breakup was that she believed Scrooge loved money more than her. The following night at the same time, the ghost of Christmas present visited Scrooge and showed him people in debtors prisons enjoying Christmas. He also viewed his nephews Christmas dinner; he saw him and all his guests enjoying it. Then he was taken to Bob Cratchets house and was shown his family enjoying a very meager Christmas dinner. Then the spirit predicted if the future events dont change then Tiny Tim, Bobs son whom is crippled, will die. Scrooge was then taken back to his own house but just before the spirit died it uttered these words, Are there no prisons? said the spirit, turning on him for the last time with his own words, Are there no workhouses? This scared Scrooge and made him realise how selfish hed been. On the last stroke of midnight the last ghost visited him. The ghost of Christmas future showed him a man who died. The mans business associates showed not one drop of remorse for his death and would only attend the funeral if there was free food on offer. Scrooge was then shown a chairwoman, laundress and undertaker stealing the mans possessions and selling them. Scrooge was then taken to the grave of the man who died, Scrooge crept towards it, trembling as he went, and following the finger, read upon the stone of the poor neglected grave his own name, Ebenezer Scrooge. This is the darkest point within the story, the tension builds up into desperation as Scrooge confronts his potential death and sees his life for the waste it could be if he didnt mend his ways. The next morning Scrooge awakes to find himself still alive and he is ecstatic. The first person he saw was a young boy and he got him to buy him the prize turkey in the butchers and got the butcher to deliver it to Bob Cratchets house anonymously. As Scrooge walked the streets in a happy manner he bumped into the two charity workers and made a big donation. He then went to his nephews Christmas dinner and the next day he gave Bob Cratchet a pay rise and promised to help his struggling family. Ebenezer Scrooge represents the affluent community of the Victorian era that Charles Dickens despised. Scrooge is the protagonist in A Christmas Carol. Scrooge only cares about money, but he is so obsessed that he never spends any, just counts it. His personality is miserly, selfish and self-centred. If he had his way Christmas would be banned as he believes there is no profit or gain in it, just a waste of time when he could be making money. This is how Dickens describes Scrooge: External heat and cold had little influence on Scrooge. No warmth could warm him, no wintry weather chill him. When his business partner Jacob Marley died he didnt even show any emotion, he didnt even consider him a friend although they worked together for many years. He didnt even replace the sign that said Marley and Scrooge after seven years after Marleys death. Scrooge didnt have any friends, just business associates. A Christmas Carol has a typical moral to it as there is a fight between good and evil where good triumphs. It also teaches people to be kind, considerate, live life to the full and be thankful for what theyve got. It also makes you think about the people in the poorer communities. The social intent of A Christmas Carol is to try and educate the rich of the lives of the poor and destitute. Also to make the rich aware of their responsibility to the poor. A Christmas Carol is a good supernatural story as it has a good moral plot which teaches us many lessons which are still relevant today.

Introduction To Industrialised Building System Construction Essay

Introduction To Industrialised Building System Construction Essay In this chapter, the detail of explanation and relevant literature review of Industrialised Building System in Malaysia high rise project will be presented. Generally, the contents of this chapter are covered by definitions, classification, essential characteristic, critical success factors and barriers of the IBS implementation of the high rise buildings in our local construction industry. The IBS is not a common term in Malaysia Construction industry now. Until now, it still has no one common accepted or agreed definition of IBS by any researchers. However, there are few researchers define the IBS on the characteristics and definition with different way. IBS is often referred to as off-site construction of the literature (Pan et al. 2008), remote (Blismas, 2006) the production, industrialization and automation of construction (Warszawski 1999), the off-site manufacturing, prefabricated buildings, pre-assemblies building (Gibb Isack, 2003), the prefabricated building, prefabricated building, non-traditional architecture and modern method of construction (MMC) said by Kamar, 2009. The following is the definition of the IBS from different authors: Warszawski (1999) described the process of industrialization, investment in equipment, facilities and technology to maximize production, reduce labour resources, and improve the quality. These elements are interconnected and joint together to make or improve performances of the building. Rahman and Omar (2006) said that the IBS as a construction system by using prefabricated building systems. The manufacturing of the components are done with machines, templates, and other forms of machinery and equipment. Components manufactured off-site, once completed, will be delivered to the General Assembly and erection of the construction site. IBS is defined as an integrated manufacturing and construction process, carefully planned organization, and efficient management, preparation and control of resources, activities and results from the highly developed components (Lessing, et al., 2005). The most comprehensive definition of IBS was perhaps clarified by Junid (1986). He said that in the process of industrialization in the construction industry, including IBS, building component, vision, planning, fabrication, transportation and site erection. The system includes a combination of software and hardware components of the balance between. Software includes system design; this is a complex process, learning the end-user requirements, market analysis, development of standardized components, manufacturing and assembly layout and process of the establishment, allocation of resources and material, a definition of the concept of architect framework. The software element provides a prerequisite for creating an enabling environment for industrialization and expansion. Chung Kadir (2007) defined as a large-scale production of building components IBS both in the factory or on-site according to standard shapes and sizes and transportation to the construction site, re-arrange some standard form construction and specifications Construction Industry Development Board (2003) defined as a construction method in which components are produced in a controlled environment (or off) IBS, transportation, location and assembled into a minimal additional site works with the structure. The definition of Industrial building systems (IBS) is varies. It depends on the authors position and philosophy in the ontology and epistemology. Some authors may be defined as a process or technology IBS. Table 2.1 is to highlight the definition of IBS category. On the other hand, there is an ontological position, either as a method, idea, product, innovation, improvement, modernization and new methods of provision. This problem has been discussed in the construction industry, since the industrial revolution, to change the human way of life and economic activity. Since the concept of quality improvement and in industry, invention and innovation, has become an important industry to deal with. This production and services, as the construction industry continues to progress and development, the latest and modern instrument factors. Then, every industry stakeholder can define with themselves on their practices and methods. Table 2.2 shows, only the author describes the process of defin ing a list of IBS and technology. Table 2.1: The Ontology of Building system (Sources: Adopted from Abdullah, 2009) Authors Characteristics Factory Base(Off-site) Production Techniques Mass Production Site Erection and Preassemblies Modular Component Elements Standardisation Labour Reduction Modem Method Automation Manufacturing Parid, W., 1997 X Trikha, D.N., 1999 X X X X Gibb, A,. 1999 X X X Warszawski, 1999 X X X X Ingemar, L. and Gylltoft.K 2000 X X X Kadir, M.R.A., et al., 2005 X X X X Marsono, A.K. et al,. 2006 X X X Table 2.2: The Characteristics of Building system (Sources: Adopted from Abdullah, 2009) Bil Authors Process Techniques 1 Dietz (1971) X 2 Dickerman (1973) X 3 Junid (1986) X 4 Parid (1997) X 5 Esa Nurrudin (1998) X 6 Badir Razali (1998) X 7 Trikha (1999) X 8 Warszawski (1999) X 9 CIDB Malaysia (1999) X 10 CIDB Malaysia (2003) X 11 Lessing (2005) X 12 Marsono. (2006) X 13 Rahman Omar (2006) X 14 MD Rahim (2006) X 15 Chung L.P. (2006) X 16 Henry M.A. (2006) X 17 (CIB) TG57 X 18 (CIB W24) X 2.2 Classification of IBS MMC is a long-term off-site infrastructure as technology and technological innovation of the collective description of the scene. The latter includes techniques such as thin-joint block work and tunnel in the form of construction (Goodier and Gibb, 2006). MMC also includes the floor or roof cassettes, pre-cast concrete foundation components, pre-formed wiring looms, mechanical engineering composite materials and modern construction methods. They can also include such as a tunnel or in combination with thin pieces of work (NAO, 2005; Gibb and Pendlebury, 2006) innovation (which is the essential characteristic). As the above quote, IBS is a component in which manufacturing, positioning and assembled into a structure with minimal extra site works off and on-site (CIDB, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹2003; Chung, 2006). Although outside the technology will be discussed below, on-site prefabricated IBS can be used in place of steel formwork system (CIDB, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ †¹2003) in the form. Production and construction site prior to installation, they found a remote location off-site construction of the assembly or part of the description of the spectrum. All off-site may be a general decline in IBS and MMC title, not all of the IBS and MMC can be considered as off-site (Gibb and Pendleton, 2006). Off-site construction (OSC), off-site manufacturing (OSM) and off-site production (OSP) is basically interchangeable terms refers to the construction process, to carry out the construction site, such as in factories, away from the part of or sometimes in a specially established near the construction site (or field factories) (Goodier and Gibb, 2006) of temporary production facilities. Pre-fabrication is usually in a dedicated facility where a variety of materials joined to form the final part of the installation components (Tatum et al, 1986). While, the components maybe assemble on and offsite, Pre-assembly carried on a definition as in which a variety of materials, prefabricated components and equipment to join up as a sub-unit of the installation process in a remote location. It is generally concentrated in the system (ibid). Therefore, a general classification of IBS-MMC term is promoted in this paper based on the following hypothesis compiled by the previous researchers. Figure 2.1 below is show that a generic classification of IBS in MMC. Modern Method of Construction (MMC) Industrialised Building System Non Industrialised System Off-site Manufacturing (OSM), Prefabrication, Offsite Fabrication (OSF), Offsite Production (OSP) On-Site Fabrication Pre-assembly at Factory Assembly on site Figure 2.1: A generic classification of IBS in MMC (Sources: adopted from Kamarul Anuar Mohd Kamar, 2009) As defined, IBS-MMC has a various classifications, materials, processes and systems basis. Table 2.3 describes the classification of IBS, system construction, MMC and OSMs. It compares the different views and classification terms. Table 2.3: Comparison of IBS-MMC Classification (Sources: Adopted from Kamarul Anuar Mohd Kamar, 2009) Industrialised system classification (Badir et. Al 1998) Majzub (1977) system classification MMC classification (Gibb Pendlebury, 2006). Ross and Richards on (2005) and (NOA, 2005) Gibb Issac (2003) pre-assembly and pre-fabrication classification Abosad et. Al (2009) classification on OSM IBS Classification (CIDB, 2003) -Conventional building system -Cast in situ formwork system table or tunnel formwork -Prefabricated system -Composite system -Panel System -Box System -Frame System -Volumetric -Panelised -Hybrid -Subassemblies and components -Non-off-sites-Modem Methods of Construction -Component manufacture and sub-assembly -Non-volumetric sub-assembly -Volumetric pre-assembly -Modular Housing -Volumetric System -Panelised System -Hybrid System -Sub-assemblies and component system -Modular system -Pre-cast concrete-framed building -Pre-cast concrete wall system -Reinforced concrete Building with Pre-cast concrete slab -Steel Formwork System -Steel-framed building and Roof Trusses Majzub (1977) described the construction of classification should be based on the proposed use of components in Table 2.4 the relative weights. Weight factors have a significant impact on the portability of components, but also on the production of components and field methods of installation method. By weight category, there are components used in the production of basic material itself to determine the characteristics of the system being studied to distinguish between the advantages. However, Majzub classification is found to have inadequate construction of the recently incorporated into other systems to flourish. One striking example is the interlocking load-bearing blocks; this is a group of researchers at the University Putra Malaysia brainchild. This new system construction cannot be according to the framework, panels, and even box system. On the other hand, complex system that combines two or more of the construction methods cannot be classified under the classification of Maj zub. Therefore, the classification needs to be updated to imitate current technological progress. Table 2.4: Building system classification according to relative weight of component (Source: Adopted from Majzub, 1977) No General System System Production Material 1 Frame system Light weight frame Wood, light gage metals Medium light weight frame Metal, reinforced plastics, laminated wood Heavy weight frame Heavy steel, concrete 2 Panel system Light and medium weight panel Wood frame, metal frame, and composite materials Heavy weight panel (factory produced) Concrete Heavy weight panel (tilt up- produced on site) Concrete 3 Box system (module) Medium weight box (mobile) Wood frame, light gage metal, composite Medium weight box (sectional) Wood frame, light gage metal, composite Heavy weight box (factory produced) Concrete Heavy weight box (tunnel produced on site) Concrete C:UsersAndyNGAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordNew Picture (2).png Figure 2.2 Type of Building System in Malaysia (Source: Adopted from Thanoon et al, 2003) In general, there are currently four types of building systems in Malaysia, Razali building system classification according to Badir et al. 1998, there are traditional, cast in situ, precast composite building system is shown in Figure 2.2. Each building system is on behalf of their construction method, which is further through its construction technology, features and geometry features. It is reported that there are at least 22 companies in Malaysia to provide institution building (Badir et al, 2002). From the point of  structural classification,  IBS  can be categorized  into five  major  groups, which are: prefabricated  timber  frame system Components  under  this group are  the columns, beams, floor slabs, prefabricated  roof  truss  system and similar as  made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹from wood. Formwork system Mould for  concrete  component  moulds to  cast  there  as pillars, beams,  floor slabs  and wall panels  that can be used  repeatedly. These  moulds  are usually made  of plastic, fibreglass,  steel, aluminium  and  other  metal materials. Steel frame system Components  of this category are column, beam, portal frame and  roof  truss systems are made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of  steel. framing systems,  panel  and pre-cast  concrete  box Components  of this category are column, beam, portal frame and  pre-cast wall panels. It also including in three-dimensional pre-fabricated  components  such as  stairs, balusters  and toilets. System block This system refers to the use of concrete block (precision block works), including lightweight concrete blocks; the blocks are locked (interlocking block) and so on. It is hoping that IBS classification can be standardized in order for IBS-MMC to be acknowledged by practitioners as a primer construction method. 2.3 Essential Characteristics of IBS This is a reasonable review of the conditions, they emphasized that the successful implementation of industrialized building systems. Each of them briefly discussed below. 2.3.1 Modular Coordination Modular coordination or MC is a dimensional system. Coordination of a modular space size  harmonized system, parts,  accessories, etc.,  so that all  elements  fit  not to cut  or extend the  components and  accessories,  even  from different vendors (Trikha, 1999) made together. It is a concept of dimension and space, including construction and components on the basis of their name is called 1M, equal to 100 mm in the basic module units or coordination. The use of MC in IBS is effective application of the important factors, because it completed the industry through quality control and productivity answered by a staff of CIDB. The objectives of the modular coordination are: Create a variety of types and sizes of building components, can minimize foundation. Through the rationalization of the construction method, each component of the design and other similar exchange, therefore, designers freedom and choice provides the greatest degree. This can take a relatively large basic unit of measurement (basic module) and by limiting the dimensions of building components to recommended preferred sizes said by Warszawski (1999). Allow easy by any prefabricated buildings layout and exchange capacity. This is to achieve a common, rather than references to other components (Warszawski 1999) definition of modular grid construction and placement of each component. To reduce waste in the production of the installation process, by increasing productivity, to improve the quality of the construction industry and to encourage an open system. With open systems approach, building components can be combined in a variety of individual projects, while ensuring that their design architects of freedom. Modular building component of the length of the coordinated application of the basic units or M = 100cm module. This allows designers to apply this size or in the production of building components, its multiple. While the concept seems easy to pass, its application in the manufacturing process involves a large degree of harmonization and alignment and component interfaces (Kamar et al. 2009). 2.3.2 Closed system A closed system can be divided into two categories, namely design and production according to customer design and production based on pre-casters. The first category is designed to meet customer space requirements, that is, the specific building design and construction of various features of the space required. In this case, the customer needs is critical, pre-caster always forced to a specific part of the building. On the other hand, the fabrication on the basis of pre-casters design, including design and production of a single building type or alternative of a group of buildings, can generate common component assortments of. Such building includes school, parking garage, gas station, low cost housing, etc. Nevertheless these types of building arrangement can be justified economically only when the following circumstances are observed (Warszawski, 1999): Commitment because of specific design and project large enough to allow for the additional cost of each component in design and production costs of distribution. Openerved a large number of architectural design elements of repetition and standardization. In this regard, a new kind of prefabricated systems can automated the design and production process to overcome a number of standardized elements of the requirements. There is sufficient demand, is a typical types such as school construction, so that mass production can be. There is a pre-caster intensive marketing strategy to inspire customers and designers in the economic and non-economic aspects of long-term potential benefits of the system. 2.3.3 Open system In closed system the limitations inherent to an open system, which allows greater design flexibility to maximize coordination with designers and pre-caster have been proposed. The system is feasible, because it allows pre-caster products in a predetermined range and architectural aesthetic value while maintaining a limited number of elements. Kamarul Anuar Mohamad Kamar (2009) defined that open system concept is encouraged by the irritable bowel syndrome, to ensure that the architects in their design freedom. Open systems approach building components, a variety of individual projects can be combined in different products and technologies as part of interchange ability. A partition between the structure and the filling system may give different solutions, customized and pre-level standards. Separation according to building components, could lead to new forms of organization of production, use of standardized elements. Open System was first promoted during the rebuilding years of post-war Netherlands. Size, location and components of the interface rules of the open system is an important part. Kamarul Anuar Mohamad Kamar (2009) defined open system with the following characteristics: Open system is an innovative design and construction. It allows interchange ability of various components and subsystems manufacturers and suppliers. An open architecture components together the advantages of market needs, a variety of geometric and functional building types. It will encourage participation in manufacturing and assembly to enter the market, thereby reducing the price of IBS components. It advocates a modular concept and the separation of different levels of decision-making. Use standard welding system to resolve two or more systems in a building. It allows customers to participate in the design. Customers can choose to use the components provided by the developer of any building components directory. Open system will encourage pre-assembled by a higher level of industrialization and automation. 2.3.4 Standardisation and Tolerances To achieve the requirements of modular coordination, all components need to be standardized production. This standardization of the elements of space and the need to provide at various stages of construction, such as manufacturing tolerances, the tolerances and erection tolerances, so that combined statistical considerations on acquired tolerance to the extent permitted (Trikha, 1999). If the output is standardised, then the production resources can be used in most efficient manner. Then the production process, machinery and training of workers, can best absorb the specific characteristics of the product. 2.3.5 Specialisation Large precast production and standardization of production process, the height of the division of labour. This process can be subdivided into a lot of small standardized tasks. In such working conditions, workers exposures to their work repetitiously have a high level of productivity (Warszawski, 1999). 2.3.6 Production facility The initial capital investment to establish a permanent factor is the relative experience. Plant, equipment, skilled workers, management of resources needed to produce pre-acquisition can begin. Such a huge investment can only break even, if there is sufficient demand for the product. On the other hand, the establishment of a temporary casting yard or plant in the project site to minimize transportation costs (Peng, 1986). 2.3.7 Transportation It is found that the casting slab system can reduce the cost of labour up to 30%. However, these cost savings partially offset by transportation costs. Traffic has also been a large board in the countrys road sector requirements. When adopting prefabrication system, those limitations must be taken into consideration (Peng, 1986). 2.4 Barriers of implementation of IBS in Malaysia Clearly, the benefits offered by IBS are immense and plausible. It has been six years since the launching of the IBS Roadmap 2003 and is about the end of the mission of industrialising construction. The construction industrys stakeholders are little bit sceptical on using IBS product. It is pertinent to examine the progress and how close to the completion of the mission to date. More importantly, it is imperative to evaluate whether the implementation of the roadmap has met the market response to the IBS programme so far. Most policy issues have been resolved and implemented, while all relevant documents required to support the programme have been developed. In particular activities under the charge of CIDB are all meeting their datelines. Notwithstanding these achievements a number of implementation snags were identified as being potential hurdles to the implementation of the roadmap. Warszawski (1999) pointed out some of the barriers in implementing industrialisation in construction industry. There are decline in demand and volatile of building market make an investment in IBS more risky compared to conventional labour intensive method. Prefabrication elements are considered inflexible with respect to changes with may required over its life span. At university level student are less exposed to technology, organization and design of industrialised building system. An adaptation of standardization requires a tremendous education and training effort. Standardization of building elements face resistance from construction industry due to aesthetics reservation and economic reasons (Kampempool et al, 1986). Trikha (1999) cited the hindrance to the use of IBS due to lack of assessment criteria set by the approving authorities to urge the developers to use IBS. Poor response from the construction players to modular coordination despite heavy promotions and incentives from the government is also a hindrance to the successive implementation of IBS in Malaysia. As a result, partial introduction of IBS such as lintels and staircase has not been successful compare to the traditional cast in situ design. Kamar et al. (2009) said that a clear need for the construction industry in Malaysia IBS is a huge and credible strongly encourage the government and the system implementation plan. In fact, most of the contractors are not prepared to bid for IBS construction tender. Thanoon et. al. (2003) also highlighted cheap labour cost is the main barriers to the expedition of IBS. There are wide swing in house demands, whereas mainly caused by the high interest rate and low performance in economical factor. He also pointed out lack of skilled construction workforce which severe the situation. The nature characteristics of construction project which are fragmented, diverse and involve many parties. There lack of local RD and novel building system that use local material, which makes IBS often relies to imported technology from other countries. There are also insufficient incentive and promotion from the government to use IBS. The main reasons for the low adoption of IBS in Malaysia as stated in Construction Industry Master Plan (CIMP 2006-2015) are lack of integration in design stage and poor knowledge. IBS manufacturers are currently involved only after design stage. This lack of integration among relevant players in design stage has resultant in need for plan redesign and additional cost to be incurred if IBS is adopted. Client and approving authorities have poor knowledge of IBS compared to architects and engineers. Familiarity with IBS concept and its benefits is vital to its success because IBS requires different approach in construction. Despite this advances, some of the barriers were identified as potential barriers are being implemented: 2.4.1 Awareness and Knowledge According to the IBS Roadmap Review Report (2007), in Malaysia IBS is through a client-driven. Benefit of IBS has a good knowledge and awareness of the customer is bound to encourage the appointment of architect to design building to the IBS. However, the lack of awareness programs, to understand customer needs, and give correct information on IBS lack of interest from clients and policymakers (Rahman and Omar, 2006). Therefore, IBS is often misunderstood as high-risk process, rather than any interests of the owner of the building to contribute the lack of knowledge between the designer project lead to take the extra time delay to produce the details of the drawing. Client IBS roadmap (2007) based on client review, by Malaysia IBS is no longer such as customer-oriented Jusco, Tesco and other customers have insisted fast track construction. In housing development, with good knowledge and awareness of IBS clients will thus benefit from the appointment of designers to encourage the construction of IBS. However, the lack of awareness programs, leading to misunderstanding led to a lack of interest from clients and decision makers (Rahman and Omar, 2006). IBS is from the clients point of view, unless it is necessary to fast track projects, such as Tesco, Jusco projects, often misinterpreted as high-risk and expensive solutions. Local Authority Lack of knowledge among the approving authority, IBS, and the relationship between the current building codes misunderstanding and misinterpretation. Familiar with IBS will speed up the design approval, to ensure the success of IBS projects (construction of the master plan, 2007) is essential. But most of local authorities do not know the design of IBS often need more time than usual to deal with design approval. Policy Makers Chung and Kadir (2007) observed that most local authorities in Malaysia is unlikely to change local building regulations, to meet the adjustment, will consume a lot of time and cost of IBS. IBSs mid-term review (2007) stated that through a unified architecture from low amendment (MC) of modular coordination of law enforcement (UBBL) has not been implemented due to lack of knowledge and decision-makers between the concept of understanding. Workers Government hopes the IBS will help reduce dependence on foreign workers, 30% by 2015. But most people in the industry do not think IBS will greatly decrease the number of workers in the industry. IBS is a plant from the job site environment, environmental issues, said: A senior industry source said. 2.4.2 Planning and Implementation At presents, the pre-casters and contracting companies in Malaysia involved in the construction bidding phase the value chain. However, the observation of the design of IBS, and plans need to be addressed in the form at the design stage, to be successful through the slot before casting machine, designers and contractors (IBS roadmap review, 2007) integration. As a result, many projects in Malaysia IBS are not cost-effective, because it is intended to replace the traditional methods of design. IBS application has been included in the design stage. Changes in design, requires a lot of further adjustment, the rise of the initial time and cost. In addition, IBS demands a more coherent process, from initial planning and control structure, the end of the project, in order to achieve the target, and decrease defects and errors (Gibb, 2001 and Warszawski 1999). The overall project should be considered in such way that as soon as the components are manufactured, it is probable to bring it to the construction site and assemble it. Any delay, either in workshop or construction site has been phased requirements and production plans, from the part of several construction projects, as scheduled at the same time a serious impact on production. Although you can create any type of pre-architectural design, but if the possibility of production and construction, taking into account at the design stage itself can solve several problems related to manufacturing, transportation, and assembly of complex interfaces (Pan et al. 2008 and Hamid et al. 2008). The most common problems usually involve beams, columns and column bases in connection with the improper assembly of the components. These problems arise due to the fact that the parties involved in the construction of a main underestimating the accuracy of the base line and levelling. Basically, the precise formation and alignment of the two bases is the most important aspects of the rapid success of precast concrete erection (Rahman and Omar, 2006). 2.4.3 Costs Kamar et al. (2009) mentioned that many small contractors are unwilling to use the IBS system, and want to continue using traditional construction methods. This is due to the fact that small contractors are already common with the technology and suitable for small scale projects, so do not want to switch t