Understand the Importance of Promoting Equality and...

Understand the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people. 1.1 Identify the current legalisation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. Below is a list of the legislations which form the basic government statutory codes of practice and frameworks that school policies and procedures should have in relation to equality and inclusion. United Nations Convention on the rights of the Child. This is set up to make sure that all children have rights. All humans have the right to have civil, economic, social, political and cultural rights. It set out details of what every child needs to have a safe, happy and fulfilled childhood regardless of sex,†¦show more content†¦Human Rights Act 1998 This Act is set up to set out the rights of people and allow them to take action against organisations if there rights have been affected. This means that if someone is treated unfairly, or discriminated against then they are entitled to take actions against the person/school or organisation involved. Equality Act 2006 and 2010 The Legal responsibilities of public bodies and schools to provide equality of opportunity for everyone. This covers the nine equality laws. This means that you need to take into account every childs individual needs. The Childcare Act 2006 This Act is set up to set out the duties of local authorities with respect to improving the Every Child Matters outcomes and make sure sufficient inspections are carried out. I must be aware and follow the 5 Ever Child Matters outcomes. Children Act 1989 and 2004 Set out the duty of local schools to provide the relevant services for the needs of children and to ensure that they are safe and their welfare is good. It also sets out the duty to provide effective and accessible services for all children and underpins the five Every Child Matters outcome with are 1, Be Healthy 2, Stay Safe 3, Enjoy and Achieve 4, Mark a Positive Contribution and 5, Achieve Economic Wellbeing. This mean I need to be aware of the other services available such as speech therapist and the Every Child MattersShow MoreRelatedUnderstand the Importance of Promoting Equality and Diversity in Work with Children and Young People755 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstand the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people In my assignment I am going to discuss promoting equality and diversity. The importance of supporting the rights of children and young people is that not all children are the same. They learn at different paces and many need support to help them e.g. one to one teaching, speech therapy, disability problems ect. They all deserve the right to learn and go to the school they choose. Also if you penaliseRead MoreDiscrimination and Young People706 Words   |  3 Pages Promote equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people 3 2 Assessment criteria The learner can: 1.1 Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity 1.2 Explain the importance of promoting the rights of all children and young people to participation and equality of access 1.3 Explain the importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity in work with children and young people 1.4 InteractRead MoreTDA 3.61678 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 306 Promote equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people Outcome 1 Promote equality and diversity in work with children and young people 1.1 Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity The education act is based towards the school responsibilities towards children with special educational needs. It means schools must provide resources, equipment and extra support to meet the needsRead MoreEquality in Schools819 Words   |  4 Pagesequality in schoolsIntroduction Every child has the right to access the curriculum, Equality of access. This means that children can work to the best of their ability and be treated equally within their learning. The schools have a duty to support these rights and they must be reflected through their policies and procedures and must comply with current legislations and codes of practice. The Equality Act 2010 1.2 All pupils have the right to a broad and balanced curriculum. This must also beRead MoreUnit 2042700 Words   |  11 PagesUnit 204 equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people. Outcome 1 understand the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people. Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. Equality is ensuring individuals or groups of individuals are treated fairly and equally and no less favourably specific to their needs. Including areas of race, gender, disabilityRead MoreDiscrimination and Child1723 Words   |  7 PagesSCMP3-1.1 How current and relevant legislation and policy affects work with children and young people. Children’s individual needs Quality of care Choice of service Management staffing Complaints protections Plan to support child, working in partnership with social worker and adhere to policies. Individual needs are met. To maximise the chance of positive outcomes for children. All of the policies and procedures by which I work are defined by The Childrens Act 1989 which legislates for EnglandRead MoreTda 2.4 - Equality, Diversity Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People2579 Words   |  11 PagesTDA 2.4 - Equality, Inclusion amp; Diversity In Work With Children and Young People. | Kerri Cook | | Contents Section One: Page 4 Legislation, participation, equal access and valuing and promoting cultural diversity. Section Two: Page 8 Prejudice amp; Discrimination and own attitudes, values and opinions. section three: Page 13 group inclusion Contents Page 4 - Section One Page 5 - 1.1 - Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuingRead MoreAnalysis Of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie The Dangers Of A Single Story 986 Words   |  4 PagesChimamanda Ngozi Adichie, in a TED Talks presentation titled â€Å"The Dangers of a Single Story†, introduces her concept of the single story as having an incomplete perspective on topics such as race, gender equality, and sexual identity that translate to how people perceive each other. People who suffer from a single story rely on their partial judgment to make decisions about others rather than to make decisions on what is factual. Being exposed to various literature is crucial in avoiding the dangersRead MoreThe Code Of Practice That Promote Equality And Valuing Of Diversity Area à ¢Ã‚‚Å ¹1444 Words   |  6 Pageshe current legislation and codes of practice that promote equality and valuing of diversity areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The Equality Act 2010 This act bought together a range of anti-discrimination acts to protect people, children and young people against discrimination for having a disability, the colour of their skin or their gender. The SEN Code of Practice 2001 This act made improvements so that children were able to have more of a chance of being in mainstream school, it was also able to give parents more rightsRead MoreEssay on Tda 2.42734 Words   |  11 PagesTDA 2.4 Equality and diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people. 1.1. Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. Equality Act 2010 The Equality Act 2010 aims to protect disabled people and prevent disability discrimination. It provides legal rights for disabled people in the areas of: †¢ employment †¢ education †¢ access to goods, services and facilities including larger private clubs and land based

Animal Testing Should Not Be Banned - 847 Words

Nearly every disease known to humans has been researched at some point in time using animals (Lee). As a matter of fact 100 million animals are used in chemical, food, cosmetic, and medical testing every year (Mendoza). Testing on animals can be cruel and inhumane. Many of the test done to animals have already been performed. Despite animal testing alternatives many researchers still use animals in research today. Animals should not be used in research. Specifically 1.8 million animals are used in university licensed research. For example Oxford University has used 190,169 animals and Cambridge University has used 169,353 animals (Connor 16). Several other universities also use animals in research. Furthermore not all animals are used in†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, many animals are being subjected to sickness, pain, and early death (Moss A.12). For instance live animals are sometimes used in car crash testing (Manning) and one facility removes monkey fetuses by C-secti on, aborts, and sells the fetuses along with the monkeys’ breast milk (Lush). It is important to relize that animals can feel physical pain and can understand and experience emotional pain. In particular monkeys have the intellectual capability similar to young children (Panahi 18). Plus, mice and rats are compassionate, intelligent, and social creatures. For the most part, the understanding of these animals has not reached the public, but over time more and more people have gotten to know what goes on inside research labs (Avila). The battle over animal rights dates back to the 17th century (Spevack). In the year 1655 Edmund O’ Meara states that the pain a subject endures during a dissection will interfere with the accuracy of the results. Then in the year 1892 the American Humane Association wants laws prohibiting the repetition of already known tests. By the time 1959 the three R’s came out: Reduction- fewer animals used in experiments, Replacement- use non-a nimal alternatives, and Refinement- try not to cause pain, distress, or suffering (â€Å"Animal Rights Timeline†).

Research Proposal for Assessment of Psychological- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theResearch Proposal for Assessment of Psychological. Answer: Introduction Social relationships are one of the most studied factors that contribute to quality of life (QoL) among cancer patients. It is a well recognised fact that cancer diagnosis and its exhaustive treatment are stressful events and create extreme emotional burden on the patient the family members. Recent studies have focused on the different psychosocial characteristics of cancer. Psycho-oncology has shown rapid developments in the past two decades and has led to the creation of a model that associates oncology with the psychological domain (Crist Grunfeld, 2013). Being diagnosed with cancer is likely to create severe physical and emotional stress. Research studies predominantly focus on individual coping mechanisms such as inhibition and fighting spirit. Coping is therefore considered as the response to a perceived self-threat, such as life-threatening diseases like cancer. Coping involves several strategies that focus on the problem such as seeking instrumental support and planning, and targets the emotional distress caused due to the illness. Strategies like searching for emotional support and acceptance also work to reduce the distress. These coping techniques lead to the establishment of positive outcomes among cancer patients and enhance their overall well-being and quality of life (Schmidt et al., 2012). This research proposal aims to develop a qualitative study based on the grounded theory that will help to assess how cancer patients cope with their health status. Literature review Coping with cancer diagnosis and its treatment is therefore characterized as a dyadic affair. Several notable researches have been done to evaluate the mechanisms by which cancer patients cope in their life and the subsequent effects on their quality of life. The PICO framework was utilized to find clinically relevant evidences (Cooke, Smith Booth, 2012). For this literature review, electronic databases like SCOPUS, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library were used. The review includes peer reviewed journals that were published in English and contained information on coping strategies among cancer patients. The journals with date of publishing not before 2012 were selected. Exclusion criteria contained journals that were published prior to 2012, non-English articles, and dissertations and published abstracts. The search terms were cancer, coping, quality of life, psychosocial, grounded theory, and coping strategies. One study investigated the coping strategies that were utilized by young adult s diagnosed with advanced cancer and also examined the relationship between psychological distress and the identified coping strategies. 53 YA participants were recruited and their informed consent was taken prior to starting the research. On statistical analysis of the Brief COPE 24 item scale and the Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (PG-12), it was found that 6 coping factors were associated with the factor analysis. The factors identified were proactive coping, distancing, support seeking, respite seeking, acceptance and negative expressions. On the other hand, physical wellbeing and dependent children were found to be confounding variables that predicted grief among such patients. Physical wellbeing showed negative correlation with respite seeking and grief (rs=-0.33, p0.05). Thus, the study successfully identified the most effective coping strategies related to cancer among young adults. Support-seeking, acceptance coping and proactive coping were found to be the most frequently used coping strategies (Trevino et al., 2012). Another study illustrated the grounded theory with respect to survivorship among breast cancer patients. The electronic mailing list software, LISTSERV was used to make an announcement, which was posted on the SHARE Web site. The primary aim of this announcement was to recruit women who were known to be diagnosed with breast cancer and were presently undergoing treatment. 15 respondents were recruited for the study. The experiences and perceptions of the enrolled women revealed that diagnosis of breast cancer acted as a turning point in their life. They recognized breast cancer as a part of their lives, learned to live with the disease and gradually worked towards creating a new life in the long run. Results showed that survivorship in breast cancer was marked by time, support and coming to terms with the associated trauma and treatment aftermath. Self-healing, developing new perspectives, creating new mindset and experiencing wellbeing and growth through all adversities enhanced the survivorship (Sherman, Rosedale Haber, 2012). Evidences from a meta-analysis and systematic review, which measured the psychosocial interventions among couples coping with cancer, showed that couple-based interventions play a significant role in improving quality of life aspects in both patients and their partners. A total of 43 randomized controlled trial studies were used. Couple-based interventions were found to create beneficial effects on the patients who had been diagnosed with cancer (Badr Krebs, 2013). Another study was conducted to inquire about the social context of communication and lived experiences of cancer patients, based on the grounded theory. Potential participants were made to complete an interview that would assess their suitability for the study. All participants were aged 18-74 years and did not have any intellectual disabilities. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric interview was used to measure Axis 1, which provided a description of the distress nature and level among the respondents. Results from th e studies revealed that the Axis 1 diagnostic criteria were met by 50 participants. Three models were obtained from the research; the first model described the ways of quality of care evaluation by patients. On the other hand, the remaining 2 models referred to cancer-coping process where coping attempts via communication and the associated loss or distress were described. It created avenues for further research on cancer interventions (Knott et al., 2012). Another meta-analytic review was conducted that focused on measuring self-efficacy coping strategies and evaluated their association with psychosocial outcomes among cancer patients. The CBI scale was used to measure the distress level. It was found that self-efficacy was negatively correlated with distress outcomes. Positive correlations were displayed by between coping with cancer and self-efficacy. Therefore, the study helped in establishing the fact that people with high efficacy showed less anxiety and was better able to adjust to stressful situations upon diagnosis of cancer (Chirico et al., 2017). Results from another qualitative interview, conducted among patients with lung, prostate and breast cancer showed that people suffering from advanced cancer and their family members develop coping strategies that help them to effectively manage the psychological wellbeing. The major coping strategies that contribute to wellbeing of the individuals are support, indulgence and learning from peers (Walshe et al., 2017). Research question The aims of this research are as follows: What strategies are adopted by people to cope with their life at an advanced stage of cancer? What are the psychological impacts of cancer on the patient and the family members? When are these coping strategies thought to be effective and why? Theoretical framework The grounded theory principles will be used to conduct the research. It refers to a series of systematic inductive methods that are used to conduct qualitative research, which is aimed towards development of thetheory. The methodological strategies that are involved in this theory aim to develop middle-leveltheoriesfrom the obtained results directly. Strong empirical foundations are used to build the power of the analyses. A focused, conceptual and abstract theory will be obtained toexplain the empirical phenomena being studied (Charmaz Belgrave, 2012). This theory has been used by several other research studies to explore how family members utilize coping strategies during cancer diagnosis and treatment. The groundedtheorywill be used owing to its significance in providing sequential guidelines that will help to conduct the research (Wolfswinkel, Furtmueller Wilderom, 2013). Moreover, the theory will offer strategies to handle the inquiry phases; will assist in streamlining data c ollection and analysis. The research will also get legitimized on application of this theory. Research site 3 cancer hospitals in Queensland, Australia will be selected as the research site. Site selection plays a significant role in successful conduction of clinical or qualitative research. Improper selection of the research site can lead to compromise of the results that the research aims to achieve. On matching the criteria for research site selection to the specific requirements and features of the proposal, the likelihood of efficient conduction of the research study will increase. Moreover, it will lead to availability of sufficient amount of superior quality data to achieve the study outcomes. 3 cancer hospitals will be selected as the site owing to the huge prevalence of cancer in Australia. Cancer was the leading cause of death in Australia (Torre et al., 2015). It was reported to be the second leading death cause in the year 2014. The hospitals that provide screening and treatment facilities for breast, bowel and prostate cancer will be selected due to greater incidence of these 3 cancer types in Australia. Sample Detailed sheets that contained information on the proposed study will be distributed at the waiting areas and to oncologists practicing at each of the 3 selected hospitals. All potential participants will be screened for meeting the eligibility criteria before being recruited for the study. The participants should meet the following criteria: They should be aged above 18 years. There will be no upper age limit. They should have received a diagnosis for breast, prostate or bowel cancer. They should be able to speak fluent English. There should be no intellectual impairment in the participants. They should be residents of Queensland. They should be available for undergoing psychological treatments on a weekly basis if required. The exclusion criteria would include: Physically unwell patients. Those with DSM-IV psychotic disorder. Data generation Informed consent will be taken separately from each participant before commencing the study. A moderator trained in the qualitative research methods will carry out structured interviews for individual participants. They will be welcomed by the moderator and their permission will be taken before audio recording their responses to the interview questions. They will then be asked to respond to the questions without any apprehensions. The interview transcript will be coded, using the NVivo 10 software, to make the study more sensitive theoretically (AlYahmady Alabri, 2013). The interview would contain several questions, some of which are stated below: How long have you been diagnosed with cancer? What were your immediate reactions? Do you know how the cancer developed? What did you find about your illness? What makes you feel that you had a good day? How do you manage to make terms with the illness? How do you communicate with your friends and family after the diagnosis? Does the oncologist effectively communicate with you? Are your family and friends supportive? Do you feel pessimistic ever since the disease has been detected? Are you happy with the treatment? Data analysis The obtained results will be analysed using Glasers framework of grounded theory. The limited codes obtained during the interview phase would be collected and applied to a larger data (Kolb, 2012). This will be followed by a comparison of the coded data with the larger set. This constant comparison method would lead to continuous verification of the responses and will lead to the formation of a rich and detailed theory on the psychological effects on cancer patients (Thornberg Charmaz, 2014). Ethical issues Some major ethical concerns that should be taken into account before carrying out the research are: confidentiality, anonymity and informed consentof the participants. No personal information of the patients should be shared or revealed. All possible efforts should be taken to reduce intrusion into patient autonomy (Damianakis Woodford, 2012). Moreover, it is of utmost importance to taken informed consent of the participants prior to data collection. They should be given a detailed explanation of the nature of the research, their role, the objectives of the study and how the results would be published and utilized. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that people who suffer from cancer often find the physical, social and emotional effects of the disease to be extremely stressful. Patients who successfully attempt to manage this stress with indulgence into behaviors or those who start following sedentary lifestyle, after cancer treatment often report poor quality of life. In contrast, people who efficiently utilize coping strategies such as relaxation, emotional support and acceptance display positive health and psychological outcomes. This report therefore aimed to propose a study that would evaluate the psychological impacts on cancer patients with respect to the coping strategies they follow, using the grounded theory approach. References AlYahmady, H. H., Alabri, S. S. (2013). Using NVivo for data analysis in qualitative research.International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education,2(2), 181-186. Badr, H., Krebs, P. (2013). A systematic review and meta?analysis of psychosocial interventions for couples coping with cancer.Psycho?Oncology,22(8), 1688-1704. Charmaz, K., Belgrave, L. (2012). Qualitative interviewing and grounded theory analysis.The SAGE handbook of interview research: The complexity of the craft,2, 347-365. Chirico, A., Lucidi, F., Merluzzi, T., Alivernini, F., De Laurentiis, M., Botti, G., Giordano, A. (2017). A meta-analytic review of the relationship of cancer coping self-efficacy with distress and quality of life.Oncotarget,8(22), 36800-36811. Cooke, A., Smith, D., Booth, A. (2012). Beyond PICO: the SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis.Qualitative Health Research,22(10), 1435-1443. Crist, J. V., Grunfeld, E. A. (2013). Factors reported to influence fear of recurrence in cancer patients: a systematic review.Psycho?Oncology,22(5), 978-986. Damianakis, T., Woodford, M. R. (2012). Qualitative research with small connected communities: Generating new knowledge while upholding research ethics.Qualitative health research,22(5), 708-718. Knott, V., Turnbull, D., Olver, I., Winefield, A. (2012). A grounded theory approach to understand the cancer?coping process.British journal of health psychology,17(3), 551-564. Kolb, S. M. (2012). Grounded theory and the constant comparative method: Valid research strategies for educators.Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies,3(1), 83. Schmidt, S. D., Blank, T. O., Bellizzi, K. M., Park, C. L. (2012). The relationship of coping strategies, social support, and attachment style with posttraumatic growth in cancer survivors.Journal of Health Psychology,17(7), 1033-1040. Sherman, D. W., Rosedale, M., Haber, J. (2012, May). Reclaiming life on one's own terms: a grounded theory study of the process of breast cancer survivorship. InOncology nursing forum(Vol. 39, No. 3). Thornberg, R., Charmaz, K. (2014). Grounded theory and theoretical coding.The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis, 153-169. Torre, L. A., Bray, F., Siegel, R. L., Ferlay, J., Lortet?Tieulent, J., Jemal, A. (2015). Global cancer statistics, 2012.CA: a cancer journal for clinicians,65(2), 87-108. Trevino, K. M., Maciejewski, P. K., Fasciano, K., Greer, J., Partridge, A., Kacel, E. L., ... Prigerson, H. G. (2012). Coping and psychological distress in young adults with advanced cancer.The journal of supportive oncology,10(3), 124. Walshe, C., Roberts, D., Appleton, L., Calman, L., Large, P., Lloyd-Williams, M., Grande, G. (2017). Coping well with advanced cancer: a serial qualitative interview study with patients and family carers.PloS one,12(1), e0169071. Wolfswinkel, J. F., Furtmueller, E., Wilderom, C. P. (2013). Using grounded theory as a method for rigorously reviewing literature.European journal of information systems,22(1), 45-55.

Mindless Behavior free essay sample

WARNING: This story may cause a huge case of teenage love 😉 Jackson Five, NSYNC, New Edition, B2K the Backstreet Boys are just a few of the great teen boy bands. Now you can add Mindless Behavior to that list! With a new album called #1 Girl out thats #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 #2 under the R section. Also just having released their 5th music video, Mindless Behavior is living the life! Mindless Behavior is a group of 4 teen boys ranging from 14-15 years old. Prodigy is the lead singer of the group and known for being amazing dancer and having an awesome fro-hawk. Princeton, is outgoing, all about peace the one rockin an afro. Ray Ray is the one with the sense of humor and charm. Lastly, Roc Royal is the rapper of the group, the youngest out of the 4 and a dare devil. These 4 boys are making the girls go crazy! Mindless Behaviors music is a mix of pop R that every teen can relate to and you can listen to with the whole family. We will write a custom essay sample on Mindless Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even the little ones know who they are and are caught singing along to the great songs of Mindless Behavior. So if youre a young teen girl looking for love or just a good group of artists to jam to, Mindless Behavior is the group of for you. PS: Theyre looking for their #1 Girl.

Deaf Culture essays

Deaf Culture essays Deaf people, like hearing people have their own culture. Not only d they have there own language but a separate culture then hearing people. The deaf culture is very important to the deaf community in this paper I will tell you some examples of this amazing culture. Many people of the hearing community might think of a deaf person as handicapped but if you called a deaf person this, they would be offended. Deaf people do not think of them self as disabled or handicapped. They prefer to call them selfs by this only for social, political, or economical needs. Many hearing people think that deaf people should learn to lip-read and learn how to speak so hearing people can understand them. Deaf people like to think of them selfs as having nothing more then a language barrier, such as we would think for someone who spoke Spanish instead of English. Also phrases such as deaf and dumb and deaf and mute and hearing impaired are considered offensive to many people in the deaf community. Hard of hearing or just Deaf are preferred by most deaf people. There are a few different types of sign language that a deaf person might use. The most common is ASL (American sign language) when signing in ASL you uses a different grammatical structure. Also In ASL you do not sign every word, words like it, the, is, a, an, etc. are not signed. Another language used is Pidgin signing. With Pidgin you leave out the small words and articles but you use the exact word order. Another is exact English; with this you sign every word, and in the same order as you would in spoken English. ASL has existed since late 1700s. French sign language and British sign language existed in Europe before ASL began. A lot of ASL comes from French sign language. When Europeans came here to settle they brought their deaf culture. When speaking to a deaf person, no matter what type of sig...

Oath of Allegiance to the United States

Oath of Allegiance to the United States The Oath of Allegiance to the United States, legally called the â€Å"Oath of Allegiance,† is required under federal law to be sworn to by all immigrants who wish to become naturalized citizens of the United States. The complete Oath of Allegiance states: I hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure (or renounce) all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty, of whom or which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law; and that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; so help me God. The basic principles of U.S. citizenship embodied in the Oath of Allegiance include: Supporting the Constitution;Renouncing all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty of whom or which the applicant was previously a subject or citizen;Supporting and defending the Constitution and laws of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic;Bearing true faith and allegiance to the Constitution and laws of the United States; and Bearing arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law; orPerforming noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by the law; orPerforming work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law. Under the law, the Oath of Allegiance may be administered only by officials of the U.S. Customs and Immigration Services (USCIS); immigration judges; and eligible courts. History of the Oath The first use of an oath of allegiance was recorded during the Revolutionary War when new officers in the Continental Army were required by Congress to disavow any allegiance or obedience to England’s King George the Third. The Naturalization Act of 1790, required immigrants applying for citizenship simply to agree â€Å"to support the Constitution of the United States.† The Naturalization Act of 1795 added the requirement that immigrants renounce the leader or â€Å"sovereign† of their native country. The Naturalization Act of 1906 along with creating the federal government’s first official Immigration Service, added wording to the oath requiring new citizens to swear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution and to defend it against all enemies, foreign and domestic. In 1929, the Immigration Service standardized the language of the Oath. Prior to then, each immigration court was free to develop its own wording and method of administering the Oath. The section in which applicants swear to bear arms and perform non-combat service in the U.S. armed forces was added to the Oath by the Internal Security Act of 1950, and the section about performing work of national importance under civilian direction was added by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. How the Oath Could be Changed The current exact wording of the Oath of Citizenship is established by a presidential executive order. However, the Customs and Immigration Service could, under the Administrative Procedure Act, change the text of the Oath at any time, provided that the new wording reasonably meets the following â€Å"five principals† required by Congress: Allegiance to the United States ConstitutionRenunciation of allegiance to any foreign country to which the immigrant has had previous allegiancesDefense of the Constitution against enemies foreign and domesticPromise to serve in the United States Armed Forces when required by law (either combat or non-combat)Promise to perform civilian duties of national importance when required by law Exemptions to the Oath Federal law allows prospective new citizens to claim two exemptions when taking the Oath of Citizenship: Consistent with the First Amendment’s assurance of religious freedom, the phrase â€Å"so help me God† is optional and the phrase â€Å"and solemnly affirm† can be substituted for the phrase â€Å"on oath.†Should the prospective citizen be unwilling or unable to vow to bear arms or perform non-combat military service because of their â€Å"religious training and belief,† they may omit those clauses. The law specifies that the exemption from vowing to bear arms or perform non-combat military service must be based solely on the applicant’s belief in relation to a â€Å"Supreme Being,† rather than on any political, sociological, or philosophical views or a personal moral code. In claiming this exemption, applicants may be required to provide supporting documentation from their religious organization. While the applicant is not required to belong to a specific religious group, he or she must establish â€Å"a sincere and meaningful belief that has a place in the applicant’s life that is equivalent to that of a religious belief.†

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Business Plan - Essay Example That is the reason why the â€Å"Business Plan† report should contain some fundamental parameters like the overall market and the financial analysis of the business. In this particular case of opening franchise business a detailed company summery and ownership structure is also needed to be included. This is because the strength and weaknesses of the original company is being reflected in the respective franchise. The basic marketing strategy and product offering remains same throughout all the franchises. Here in this particular case a franchise is being opened in an international location. Thus a detailed market analysis of the company is required prior to any financial assumptions. This business plan will distinctly contain three sections. The first section will contain the company background (PinkBerry), the second section will give an overview of the general marketing strategy of PinkBerry and the third section will give an estimate of the financial estimates of the propo sed franchise. The Company started its operation in the year 2005 and it has originated mainly from the two cities of Los Angeles and New York and within five years of their operation the company PinkBerry has successfully established its leadership in the frozen yogurt segment. (â€Å"The leading, enduring, frozen yogurt brand for franchising†, 2009). Operating in a very concentrated segment the company has concentrated more on developing a cult-like following in its customer base. Though the company has originated locally, its prime focus is to expand both in the local and the global market simultaneously. Its local growth had hit a landmark as PinkBerry opened its first airport store in the month of September of the year 2009. (â€Å"The leading, enduring, frozen yogurt brand for franchising†, 2009) The other local expansion plans are going on in Northern California, Texas, Washington D.C and Florida. (â€Å"The leading, enduring, frozen yogurt brand for

Formal Assignment #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Formal Assignment #4 - Essay Example These changes relate to US demographics, including age, gender and ethnic composition. The changes in the labor market can affect both the native and immigrant populations. This paper discusses changes in the US labor market over the past few decades. The paper assumes that the same changes were in New York since it is part of US. One of the most important changes in New York and U.S. labor market is the increased labor force participation of women (Ricardo, Kristie and Michael 50). The past several decades recorded a steady increase in the number of women participating in the labor market. Since 1999, the labor-force participation rate of these women remained steady. Another important demographic change that is affecting the labor force is the evolution of the population’s age distribution. Over the past several years, age is playing an important role in determining labor force participation in New York as well the U.S. most of the working population belongs to the baby-boom generation (Ricardo, Kristie and Michael 53). These are people born between 1946 and 1964. However, this may have negative effects on the overall labor force participation rate since most of these people are growing older. The effect of age on the national economy may result from a reduction in the labor-force participation rate c aused by aging of the baby-boom generation. Racial and ethnic diversity of the U.S. population is another important demographic change that affects labor force participation. Ethnic diversity may be because of social, economic, or political factors. However, it is clear that this diversity affects the labor market in one way or another. Over the past two decades, there is a significant difference in labor force participation among different races. Between 1980 and 1990, the number of immigrant populations in the US labor market increased. The number of immigrant population employed was also very high. The number grew by about 50 percent during that

Queen Nefertari Essay Example for Free

Queen Nefertari Essay Queen Nefertari was the wife of Ramses II- the longest ruling pharaoh who reigned in the 19th Dynasty (1295-1255 B. C. ) which was from the 13th to 14th century and he continued to rule on on for seventy years. She married Ramses at the age of thirteen. Nefertari was also one of his many and favorite wives. She produced as many as ten children for Ramses among them two sons named Amonhirwonmef, Prehirwonmef, and two daughters named Merytamon and Mertatum. Her birth parents remain a mystery but it is determined that she is of royal heritage. Nefertari had a brother by the name of Amenmose who was the mayor of Thebes during her rule as queen. She was of high importance and because most portraits or pictures painted by ancient Egyptians are with Ramses II, this may mean she might’ve had a major political influence on Egypt. Queen Nefertari was not the only queen present during the rule of Ramses II, he had a household filled with many queens. His children were estimated at one hundred or more. Nefertari’s disappearance still is considered as a mystery although her tomb has been found and remains a precious treasure to Egypt. It is located in The Valley of the Queens. Ramses referred to Queen Nefertari as the â€Å"most beautiful one† which is one of her many names she is known by. Nefertari Mery-en-Mut name meant â€Å"most beautiful beloved of the goddess Mut. † Her full range of titles were â€Å"Great of praise†, â€Å"Sweet of love†, â€Å"Great royal wife†, â€Å"Lady of charm†, â€Å"Great royal wife, his beloved†, â€Å"Lady of the two lands†, â€Å"Lady of all lands†, â€Å"Wife of strong bull†, â€Å"God’s wife†, â€Å"Lady of upper and lower Egypt. Ramses also referred to his wife as â€Å"The one for whom the sun shines. † Nefertari married Ramses at the tender age of thirteen. Although very young she held the responsibility of being queen very well, going even as far as accompanying Ramses on one or two of his battles. It is said that Nefertari is of royal heritage, but her birth parents remain a mystery. Some Egyptologists think that she was probably the daughter of King Seti I, and thus sister or half sister of Ramses II himself. Other Egyptologists, however, think that her designation as â€Å"Hereditary Princess† might be in some way connected with her being representative of Thebais. The tomb of Queen Nefertari was discovered in 1904 and forbidden to take pictures of. More than 50 tombs mention her name. Nefertari out lived her husband by a number of years which her mummy indicates sh died around 70 years of age. She passed away sometime during Ramses 25 reigned year. After her death Isetnofret became his new principal wife. Queen Nefertari became royal at the age of thirteen and since then she has always been known for that and her beauty.

Classification Essay - The Types of Kids that Make Up My Generation

Classification Essay –The Types of Kids that Make Up My Generation One of the things that has troubled me as of late is my generation. The generation that is referred to is the group of people currently aged 15-21 - whether or not this is a "generation," so to speak, is irrelevant. These people, for the most part, disturb me. It frightens me to know that the people that I've grown up with are going to be leading the country and the world in the decades to come. The overwhelming majority of the kids that I've come in contact with over the past few years are apathetic monsters. They don't care about school, they don't care about themselves, and they don't care about their future. To dissect the three aforementioned attributes... Kids don't care about school. Why is it that so many kids decide that ditching school on a fairly consistent basis and/or not caring at all about their grades is the right thing to do? What could possibly be more important than school at such an age? You're a fool to tell me that getting high, going to a mall, getting trashed or any other alternative is better than going to school. You're a fool to tell me that the sole point of going to school is to see and gossip about other people with your friends. An education is the gateway to future success. The kids who don't care about school (all too many) are living for the moment, and not thinking about the long run. Instead of channelling their energies into studying, they instead take the easy way out and have fun. Who wants an incompentant oaf for President? Kids don't care about themselves. Why is it that so many kids decide that injecting themselves with various chemicals is the right thing to do? I can't tell you how many und... ...is that there are other, harmless ways to set themselves aside from others; they also don't realize the irony that their rebellion is actually quite conformist, seeing how there already is a sizable portion of the population that can be labeled rebels. The second sad trait to this is that other, "normal" (meaning non-sheep and non-rebels) people take to liking these individuals, whether it be as friends or romantically. How a rational-thinking person can identify with these out-of-touch miscreants is beyond my comprehension. The so-called rebels act ridiculously outlandish, only to inexplicably generate positive responses from their sickening behavior from others. The rebels crave attention, and the way that they get it is through their ludicrous conduct. God forbid if they don't draw any attention... What do you think is responsible for all of the school shootings?

Jazz concert

As much as I enjoyed attending a classical music concert in November, I thoroughly enjoyed myself at the Jazz concert I attended on Monday night. Though two vastly different types of music, the theory almost remains the same; variations on a theme. Since Jazz music is a little more my speed, I have to be honest when I say that I was looking forward to this assignment slightly more than the classical concert. I found a Jazz club called Zinc Bar on Houston in New York City that seemed to have reasonable prices and a wide selection of shows and musicians playing at ifferent times. We decided to attend the nine p. . show not knowing exactly who would be playing. Already this is a huge difference between the classical and Jazz concerts. Arriving early, we decided to eat some dinner at a restaurant called Arturo's right down the block from the club. As soon as we walked in, our first sight was a set of musicians and a singer playing live free Jazz music for the restaurant patrons. The band included an upright bass, a piano, and auxiliary percussion instruments and a male singer. They stuck to Jazz standards for the most part but eing that we were at an Italian restaurant we got a generous helping of Frank Sinatra.The musicians really set the tone for the entire establishment. Everywhere you looked, even though time with the music. Needless to say when we left the restaurant, we couldn't help but feel swept away by the entire New York Jazz experience. The ambiance continued inside of the Zinc Bar. The club itself was a small, very intimate setting, with a banquette and small tables on one wall and a long bar on the other. The band was positioned at the end of the bar facing out towards the entrance. The lighting was inimal save for a few candles and colored lights.There was a two drink minimum at the tables whereas the classical concert reserved the drinking to coffee at intermission. The crowd is sparse in the beginning but grows to a full bar towards the end, which we find out is a result of the main head-liner playing at 1 1 p. m. Ron Afflf. But we had very little regrets seeing this first band, the Alexis Cole Trio. The trio consisted of a singer, Alexis Cole, Ben Stivers on the keyboards, Bill Pace on the upright bass, Ryan Scott on guitar, and Greg Ritchie on drums.The lead singer would ntroduce all of the songs before they were played unlike the classical concert where listeners relied on their programs to inform them of the upcoming pieces. The first song they played was by Bob Marley and one of my favorite tunes, â€Å"Redemption Song†. The song was faster than Bob Marleys version and in the middle, Ms. Cole transformed her voice into many different instruments as she scatted her way to the final chorus. In this song, and in every song where the band was involved, each instrument had their own chance to â€Å"scat† and improvise on their respective instruments.After each musician finished their solo, the audience was encou raged to clap which is in stark movements. The second piece was an original composition by the keyboard player, Ben Stivers, called â€Å"East of the Sun† and again featured all members of the band. I found my feet really tapping to this tune and I really enjoyed the piano solo. It had Just the right rhythm and well-balanced solos that I never felt bored. The third and fourth songs were by Thelonius Monk and unfortunately Ms. Cole never mentioned the names. Ms. Cole almost took a back seat in these songs and really let usicians go to town.The solos were intricate and involved seemingly removing the musician from the room and into his heart and mind. The listener couldn't help but be totally transfixed. I also felt that in this section the bass player really took the most risk rhythm wise and possibly might have made a mistake. I say possibly only because if he did make a mistake, he recovered so well it's possible we were Just imagining things. The fifth song was by Billy Str ahorn called â€Å"My Little Brown Book† which Ms. Cole introduced as a song about regret. This tune was only or the singer and the keyboards and was extremely intimate.One really got the sense that Ms. Cole was trying to give you something. The sixth song was another original and by far the most experimental. It started slow and soft and grew into a myriad of sounds with the guitar player playing with certain pedals on the floor. The more they played and the more she couldn't help but feel like I was caught in a windstorm. It culminated into what sounded like a disorganized Jumble of chords and solo material but somehow ended up right back at the original melody and rhythm. It was impressive to say the least.For their last song they decided to take a request from the audience and after much heckling from the crowd it was decided that they would end with â€Å"My Funny Valentine† which the keyboard player had arranged in G minor and in 3. It was an interesting take on an old standard and done in a beautiful smoky tone. It was really a nice end toa perfect New York Jazz experience. As different as classical and Jazz are, I couldn't help but feel that Jazz had at least drawn on the basics of classical music. Start with a melody, make it your own, and then tell your story. I feel that music will forever enrich my story.

Guitar Playing Techniques Essay

You can play your guitar during your leisure time at home as a hobby, to record in the studio, to perform in a quiet cafà ©, or to perform in front of a huge crowd. To make that record worthy of being platinum, to make that soothing aura within the cafà ©, or to make that crowd uncontrollable and crazy partially depends upon the technique you use to play the guitar. Three techniques that are popular and can be used to amaze your listeners are elegant fingerpicking, strumming, and sweet sweep-picking. Elegant fingerpicking is mostly used to serenade the audience into a state of complete relaxation or euphoria. You can pick with the natural sound-muting characteristic of your fingertips or the solid and natural sound-amplifying characteristic of your nails. You can also choose to hit any combination of strings to emphasize the sound of each string or to create a soothing rhythm by hitting multiple strings at the same time. Fingerpicking is only an intermediate level technique, but there are many details that can be added to make it a more advanced skill and much practice is needed for it to be perfected. Using the fingerpicking technique you can assemble different pitches and patterns with however many strings you have to formulate an attention-grabbing rhythm. Strumming, which is more common than fingerpicking, can be used to create catchy tunes and can also bring about many different moods within the different musical audiences. You can use a guitar pick to give you a louder and bolder sound or use your hands which allows you to be more flexible, creates a blurred effect, and makes the sound more natural and brighter. Strumming brings more attention to the rhythm of the song or piece of music because the strumming itself has percussion characteristic. Strumming is preferred for beginners because it’s one of the most basic techniques of playing guitar and helps you get used to the sound of the guitar in a fun, but quick way. Even though strumming one of the most basic and popular techniques, it is also a very effective attention grabber. Whether you are trying to play a slow song that’s heavy on the eyelids or an exciting piece that can make the crowd lively all depends on the strumming pattern used combined with the chord progression. Sweep-picking is the most advanced of these three techniques and when used efficiently can produce a heart-racing performance. Sweep-picking combined with the customized sound of an electric guitar can create some of the most crowd-shaking performances. It can be aggressive yet gentle, but sweep-picking isn’t usually used to serenade or sooth. It consists of hammer-ons, pull-offs, bending, and so on, all in a single strum. The key is that the left hand, for right-handed guitar players, has to be timed and trained perfectly so when the pick goes over the string it hits all the notes needed by the time the pick gets to the next string. This is what makes sweep-picking a very advanced technique. It’s the heart of the performance and the flow is beautiful. Although there are many approaches to playing the guitar, these three techniques, no matter the difficulty, make for great performances. There’s always a way to get creative with fingerpicking when you have six strings and five fingers. A song can be complete with just strumming due to its percussion aspects and flexibility. And sweep-picking can always get the crowd to either shed tears or go wild. If you have practiced enough and you are confident about your skills then by the end of your performance, or when you publicize your record not only will the listeners be satisfied, but you will too.

Free Essays on Should Marajuana Be Leaglized

Should cannabis be legalized? I think so. If you agree with me then read this article. If you don’t, then read it anyway. It might teach you a thing, or two, about reality. Cannabis, weed, grass, and marijuana; they are all the same: completely harmless, and completely misunderstood. 260 million people worldwide use it for its potential advantages. Those who don’t use it are missing out. In 1973, the drug was banned from use in Britain, much to the dismay of its users. For twenty-seven years, people have fought for the right to use it as a drug, unsuccessfully. Read on to find out the mistake that we have made. The first point that politicians raise is that cannabis has a worse effect on the user than tobacco in cigarettes. This is also the first point at which they stumble. Cannabis is ten times worse for the lungs when mixed with tobacco, but alone, cannabis does not cause any negative effects such as those of cigarettes. However, a cigarette does not simply contain tobacco. It also contains over 2000 other chemicals, such as tar and nicotine, which affect the body in negative ways. As for alcohol, not only can it affect the body in the long term, but there is also a risk in ‘drink-driving’. Far more people die, at present, under the effect of alcohol and cigarettes than die from cannabis. And, very importantly, both cigarettes and alcohol are addictive, whereas, it is impossible to become physically addicted to cannabis. It is also impossible to over-dose on cannabis, and people who die after taking it, die of their own stupidity. One claim is that, if cannabis were legalized, the tobacco companies would jump at the chance to produce tobacco-based reefers so as to get more young people addicted to smoking tobacco. I feel this is true. However, if someone is buying cigarettes, they are buying them for the pleasurable effects that come with them. If they are buying cannabis, they are buying it for exactly the sa... Free Essays on Should Marajuana Be Leaglized Free Essays on Should Marajuana Be Leaglized Should cannabis be legalized? I think so. If you agree with me then read this article. If you don’t, then read it anyway. It might teach you a thing, or two, about reality. Cannabis, weed, grass, and marijuana; they are all the same: completely harmless, and completely misunderstood. 260 million people worldwide use it for its potential advantages. Those who don’t use it are missing out. In 1973, the drug was banned from use in Britain, much to the dismay of its users. For twenty-seven years, people have fought for the right to use it as a drug, unsuccessfully. Read on to find out the mistake that we have made. The first point that politicians raise is that cannabis has a worse effect on the user than tobacco in cigarettes. This is also the first point at which they stumble. Cannabis is ten times worse for the lungs when mixed with tobacco, but alone, cannabis does not cause any negative effects such as those of cigarettes. However, a cigarette does not simply contain tobacco. It also contains over 2000 other chemicals, such as tar and nicotine, which affect the body in negative ways. As for alcohol, not only can it affect the body in the long term, but there is also a risk in ‘drink-driving’. Far more people die, at present, under the effect of alcohol and cigarettes than die from cannabis. And, very importantly, both cigarettes and alcohol are addictive, whereas, it is impossible to become physically addicted to cannabis. It is also impossible to over-dose on cannabis, and people who die after taking it, die of their own stupidity. One claim is that, if cannabis were legalized, the tobacco companies would jump at the chance to produce tobacco-based reefers so as to get more young people addicted to smoking tobacco. I feel this is true. However, if someone is buying cigarettes, they are buying them for the pleasurable effects that come with them. If they are buying cannabis, they are buying it for exactly the sa...

Let the T-Shirt Speak!

Let the T-Shirt Speak! Everyone loves cool T-Shirts! And the more personal it is, the better it looks on you. You want it to be unique, unlike those boring brand T-Shirts bought on sale. So, if you do not want to shop and buy, you need to create one. However, figuring out how to design the perfect T-Shirt that adequately reflects your character and preferences is no simple task. Fortunately , in this article we’re going to give you some tips to help you on your journey to T-realization. Enjoy! Think Anthropomorphically What animal are you? What’s your â€Å"totem† animal? What animal or critter speaks for who you are or could stand for your cause? What animal would make the perfect mascot on your T-Shirts? Now, once you figure out the animal it’s time to give it a little personality through its body language and facial expression. While it definitely takes some finesse, furry brand icons can work magic with T-shirts without having to say or do much. Think about it. Approach it Like a Marketer Not only do you want to like your t-shirt, but it wouldn’t hurt if others found it pleasant as well. That is unless your goal is to be a walking eye-sore (more on this in a sec). Of course T-Shirts are T-Shirts are T-Shirts, but there are a few essentials to keep in mind: Fit: If they fit well, they look better (unless someone’s rocking a huge beer gut or something). Don’t get so lost in the aesthetic phase you forget that if it doesn’t fit, the design doesn’t matter. Placement: Where you place words and graphics means everything, and no, it doesn’t have to be in the typical spots. Be creative! There are no rules when it comes to placement. Fabric: It makes huge difference! Play with as many options as possible to see what will compliment your statement or t-approach the best. It’s not from afar that people fall in love with T-Shirts, but up close and personal. Use Minimalism to Make Grand Statements Absolutely no one really likes loud T-Shirts. Those are the kind of shirts we wear in the privacy of our own dorm rooms, or to the lake or something. When the T-Shirt matters, it should speak eloquently and elegantly without really saying much. Get it? Keep statements tight and graphics under control. It’s Not All about YOU! The way we view ourselves and our T-shirts fades away in comparison to how others view us and our T-Shirts, right? Besides, once out and about they’re a part of the landscape and people will be subjected to them whether they like it or not. At the end of the day it’s about the human being inside the gentle folds and stitching that matters. Think about it before you print something outlandish or gaudy. Again, minimalism always makes the grandest statements both in word and in terms of graphics. Keep your eye on the ball and remember that if the T-Shirt sucks, you aren’t going to look cool in it either most likely. Humor and Tact Should be Subtle Irony and silence are the keys to humor. Irony is often soft-spoken and incredibly easy to grasp. That’s why it’s so freaking hard to create fictional irony! Think about the little quips and advertising slogans that seared themselves into your mind over the years. What do most of them have in common? They’re creative and often ironic ways of presenting or looking at certain information. Subtlety. Tact. Humor. These are the types of slogans and sayings that people can choose to get behind and wear literally on their sleeves. It’s about making people do two things: think and smile. We’re Not in the 60’s Color. It can be your best friend or your fierce enemy. It can attract the eyes or shun them. It can engage the mind or completely turn it off. It can dazzle and confuse. You must walk a fine line between choosing a color that works by itself given the style of the shirt, and a color that works with the wording and graphic design. No one said it would be easy. However, following these tips will lead you to creating the formula of your best and most personal T-Shirt, unique and one of its kind. The practice will save your backside. Good luck with your Ts!

Binge Drinking In College Students Research Paper

Binge Drinking In College Students - Research Paper Example The blood- alcohol content in her body during the time of death was 0.52. This was six times more than the legal adult intoxication limit as per the law in California. The girl measured 5 feet 2 inches in height. She weighed about 100 pounds. According to the toxicology report the girl had drank an equivalent of one pint of whiskey in an hour to get to this blood –alcohol content rate. There were more such reports of alcohol related deaths from different campuses in the country during the last three years. These incidents and the series of research reports and surveys that followed prompted this investigation after much pre investigative research .The pre investigative research showed that the issue is wide spread in the United States and it is beyond race and gender among the young school / college students. Thus focusing on gender or race for this investigation seemed meaningless. But still, the investigation included more whites than other races almost at the percentage of 80-20, because the whites are in majority and because the issue is not a racially culture specific .More males were included in the investigation than females as of course males indulged in alcohol abuses more than the females, may be as a part of macho freedom and macho power evidently present in a male dominated society. Most of the youngsters included in the investigation indicated that it is the subculture that exists in the campuses in the United States that leads to alcohol abuses .When fresh students reach the campus, most of them away from home for the first time, they are very cordially invited for free beer parties. The ready availability of cheap alcohol especially beer is another factor that traps students into this drinking sub-culture in the campuses. Availability of cheap alcohol, according to students included in the investigation, tempts them to drink in private settings like dorms and fraternity parties. Alcohol

Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Environment - Essay Example The remedy of such issues needs responsible and careful use of scientific principles. Therefore, it is essential for the engineer to address issues in a professional manner that will ensure there are minimal or no effects towards the environment (Brown, 2002). The purpose of this paper is to show the role of engineers in maintain a healthy environment suitable for the living of human beings. The paper will tackle how engineers are working hand in hand with environmentalist to make sure that their activities do not affect the ecology. Additionally, the paper will look at the role of engineers in recycling waste products that have the potential of being re-used and how they are trying to substitute the use of organic materials with plastics. For another thing, the role of engineers in developing the old methods of engineering that had environmental and health effects to new methods that are safe will be taken into account. Lastly, the paper is going to tackle on renewable sources of energy that can be used so as to save energy and meet the needs of the accruing world population in the years to come. Dumping of chemical wastes in the water, soil and air directly lead to the pollution of rivers and air, and automotive and industrial smoke. Urban development and housing have numerous ecological consequences; the process of building a house consumes energy and raw materials, and the subsequent expansions affect the extensive environment. The energy necessities of housing contribute extensively to global warming. The Generation of dangerous gases and other waste materials, and the release of harmful materials from the different stages of nuclear fuel phases results in global warming (Bell, 2011). Environmentalists and engineers need to work in harmony more than in the ancient times. Ecologists and other ecological scientists must work together with the engineers so as to define the necessities of significant environmental processes and conditions

Doctrine of consideration Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Doctrine of consideration - Article Example As a matter of positive law, the doctrine of consideration crystallized in the reign of Elizabeth I into a number of rules which are still clearly recognizable by the modern common lawyer. First, if a person received a benefit at the hands of the 11romise for which he promised to pay, the benefit was a sufficient consideration: in effect, the promise here was bought and paid for. Second, if the 11romise acted to his detriment in reliance on the promise, so that the non-fulfilment of the promise would cause him actual pecuniary loss, the detriment was a sufficient consideration. ... ions that created debts; In popular etymology this was the very essence of the idea of contract, actus contra actum; With the shift towards liability based on promises, at least on the surface, it was by no means obvious that the same theory should apply, and there developed an alternative formulation of the criteria that marked off binding promises from non-binding ones; by the second half of the sixteenth century this had come to be known as 'consideration' (Ibbetson, 1999, 141). In order to understand its nature and development, it is essential to look at it on two levels, the formal and the substantial. In formal terms, 'it is difficult to talk of any doctrine of 'consideration' before about 1560; While it seems clear that lawyers before this time had the idea that there was some additional factor that was needed to make promises binding, there was no consistent way of describing it; The sources reveal a variety of terms: consideration, causa, recompense, quid pro quo. As the act ion of assumpsit became established, consideration emerged as the term that described the necessary feature. At a straightforward linguistic level, 'consideration' meant little more than 'reason' or 'motive', so that the consideration for a promise can be seen as the reason for which it was made while the standard definition of it found by the early seventeenth century underlines this: 'A cause or occasion meritorious requiring mutual recompense, in fact or in law. Substantively speaking, though, such a definition of consideration seriously misrepresents its meaning' (Ibbetson, 1999, 142) The earliest example of a case in which there is an express averment of consideration is Newman v. Gylbert (1549). The plaintiff declared on a payment of five shillings and also averred that the defendant

Goods and Services Tax Analysis

Goods and Services Tax Analysis INTRODUCTION 1.1Research Background In recent months there are a lot of issues about many retailers especially the traditional retailer want to quit from their business. Their main reason is the launch of the Goods and Services Tax (GST). They are not really aware about GST that be announced in the Malaysia Budget 2014. The aware that we mean here are understanding of the GST. Most of the retailer alert that there will be GST launched in 1 April 2015. The involve supplies chain people like manufacture, wholesaler, and retailer were giving a lead time of 14 months to get ready. There are a lot of GST seminars are held in the 14 month. But it not really effective due to the level of education, from mouth to mouth it causes the information incomplete or become wrong information. GST was first announced in the 2005 Budget for implementation in 2007. However, in February 2006 the Malaysian Government announced that GST would be deferred as more time was needed to get feedback from the public. GST was tabled for first reading in 2009 for proposed implementation in 2011. The bill was supposed to be presented for second reading in 2010 but was withdrawn. However too many retailer did not aware of GST because they did not know how to use the system. The retailer get an order to register GST from Custom Malaysia but they not know the procedure to proceed the GST. The guide from the website did not help the retailer who does not know to use the technology. The retailer also cannot decide the value of income per year exceed RM500, 000 required to register or not because tax will be pay from the consumer. GST is a multi-stage consumption tax on goods and services whereby each point of supply in a production chain is potentially taxable up to the retail stage of distribution. At the same time suppliers are entitled to refunds of GST incurred on business inputs. The basic fundamental of GST Malaysia is its self-policing features which allow the retailer to claim their Input tax credit by way of automatic deduction in their accounting system. Still the VAT arrangement at the Centre and the State had lacks. The CENVAT does not consist of several central taxes such as extra charge, additional excise duty, etc. It also does not capture the value-additions in the distributive occupation below the manufacturing level. The State level VAT does not include some taxes such as luxury tax, entertainment tax, etc. Goods and Services Tax (GST) to replace the existing multiple tax structures of Centre and State taxes is not only desirable but imperative in the emerging economic environment. Increasingly, services are used or consumed in production and distribution of goods and vice versa. This involves taxation of goods and services in an integrated manner as the blurring of line of demarcation between goods and services has made separate taxation of goods and services untenable. Malaysia imposed the GST on April 1 and it is mandatory for businesses that have a turnover of more than RM500, 000 to register with the government. The government expects to collect RM23.2 billion a year from GST. Malaysia has the lowest GST rate in Southeast Asia at 6 per cent while the Philippines has the highest at 12 per cent. 1.2Problem Statement Implementation of GST in a country can be broadly considered from three major perspectives: 1. Government on the setting of GST policies and rulings as well as studies on associated impact on economy, political and other tax systems 2. Customs and Excise on the setting of specific guidelines for different type of businesses, setting of an appropriate Information Systems solutions to handle GST claims and reporting and setting of the appropriate documentations and forms. 3. Businesses on what businesses need to do to make sure that their business is GST compliant. This research paper focuses on GST implementation from business perspective, with particular reference to retailers, with specific aim to examine their awareness as to what need to be done in order to be GST compliant. Awareness contributes not only towards readiness but also potential support for the new tax system. Businesses are unlikely to accept or support a change in the tax system without being made aware of the implications it has on their businesses. According to Bhupinder Singh, the executive director of Ernst Young (Utusan Malaysia, 2005), low awareness of GST implementation especially among the retailers could create mess when it is first introduced. After the implement the Malaysian hard to accept new system of tax been introduced. Under GST regime, businesses bear no additional tax as long as they are registered for GST. Any tax paid on purchases may be claimed back against tax collected on sales. However, the process of collecting and recording tax, documenting it, offsetting it and keeping all records in order to comply with GST requirements for GST registered businesses could be a tedious and expensive process for small and medium sized businesses. GST implementation in April 2015 will not only give the direct effect on the cash flow of the retailer and businesses, it also needs every company to change their practice in the accounting system and business processes. Businesses must be prepared to have good accounting records and trained personnel and proper software to ensure success. From estimates there are at least 500,000 retailers in Malaysia that contribute significantly to Malaysian economy (MYOB, 2005). At present, not much is known about the impact GST will have on this sector. We feel that it is important that level of awareness is ascertained to gauge the impact GST may have on the retailers as the implementation time comes closer. 1.3Research Objectives This study will be focused on the factors that influencing the level of awareness of GST’s implementation impact among retailers: i.To study the relationship between knowledge and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. ii.To study the relationship between resources and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. iii.To study the relationship between attitudes and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. iv.To study the relationship between channels and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. 1.4Research Questions The research question will be developed for this study are: i.Is there a relationship between knowledge and the level of awareness of GST among retailers? ii.Is there a relationship between resources and the level of awareness of GST among retailers? iii.Is there a relationship between attitudes and the level of awareness of GST among retailers? iv.Is there a relationship between channels and the level of awareness of GST among retailers? 1.5Research Hypothesis Four hypotheses have been developed for this study based on dependent and independent variables as given below: Hypothesis 1 Ho:There is no significant relationship between knowledge and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. H1:There is a significant relationship between knowledge and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. Hypothesis 2 Ho:There is no significant relationship between resources and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. H1:There is a significant relationship between resources and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. Hypothesis 3 Ho:There is no significant relationship between attitudes and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. H1:There is a significant relationship between attitudes and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. Hypothesis 4 Ho:There is no significant relationship between channels and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. H1:There is a significant relationship between channels and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. 1.6Significance of the Study Since the study is about Good and Services Tax (GST) that will implement in April 2015. The retailers have heard about Good and Services Tax (GST) but the retailers not know, â€Å"How’s the procedure?† â€Å"What functions it is?† â€Å"These kinds of questions always faced by people especially who lived at rural area. Therefore, with this research it can help the retailer know what the advantages and disadvantage for Good and Services Tax. This research also can provide the clear view and direction to them when they want to doing in future to attract their customers. It also determine the effective of the government to implement GST in case to improve the economic and development of country. The significant of the study focus on many category which are for the researchers and the retailer: Researchers For doing this research, the researchers can get more sustain in the term of knowledge and skills. This study also helps the future researcher use as a guideline or reference to get information by understanding and duplicating the research to further study in identifying other critical factors. The Retailers Retailers who ran the business entity around Kota Bharu had gained the most benefits from this study. Based on the result of this study, the retailers were able to understand in details about effectiveness of Good and Services Tax and also how the retailer aware about this issues. Besides that the retailers able to make accurate decision about which type of product that will bear a tax and exclude tax. At the end of this research, the retailers can optimize their sales with the guide been provided by the government. The government also provide a course for the retailer to understand the basic of calculation taxed been charged. 2.0GST Implementation in Other Country Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a consumption tax established on the value-added concept. GST, also recognized as the value added tax (VAT) in several countries, is a multi-stage consumption tax on goods and services (http://gst.customs.gov.my, 2013). GST is imposed on goods and services at every manufacture and supply stages in the supply chain as well as importation of goods and services (http://www.treasury.gov.my, 2013). In Malaysia, GST will replace the present consumption tax comprising the sales tax and the service tax (SST). Implementation wise, GST shall be prosecuted and charged on the taxable supply of goods and services made in the course or furtherance of business in Malaysia by a taxable person and it is also can be charged based on the importation of goods and services (http://gst.customs.gov.my, 2013). GST is proven to be a better tax system and could spur economic growth as well as increase competitiveness in global market (http://www.treasury.gov.my, 2013). The proposed GST structure in India is similar to that of Canada. Some of the problems that they faced during implementation of GST are discussed here. GST is the form of indirect tax because the tax collection from the government is not directly obtained from the taxpayers. The consumers pay the taxes for the government through the sellers.Besides, experience of Australia has also been covered. Malaysian taxation system is generally divided into two direct taxes and indirect taxes. Four components i.e. customs duties, excise duty, sales tax and service tax are consists by Indirect taxes are administered by the Royal Malaysian Custom Department (RMCD). Direct taxes such as income tax, petroleum income tax, real property gains tax, and stamp duty. Taxation is a vital economic tool because it can be employed to regulate the economy, to revitalize economic growth through the granting of fiscal incentives as a principal aim of implementing tax policies and to provide funds for developmen t projects (JeyapalanKasipillai, 2005). Each of the countries has economic purposes due to the implementation of GST. For example, in New Zealand the usage of GST is unlikely being a useful stabilization tool for monetary policy (Iris Claus, B. S., 2008). The empirical study shows that using GST as a monetary policy tool in New Zealand case has shown that it leads to a larger adjustment in the policy instruments and fluctuations in the real economy and inflation. 2.1Resources 2.1.1Cost Start-up Start-up Compliance Costs Estimates the issue of how much businesses spent in preparing for a GST is problematical as various studies have made varying cost estimates. In estimating start-up compliance costs, uniformity in calculations is important to attain comparative reliability. According Pope (2000) the reliability of GST start-up cost estimates presented by different groups may be questionable because of their treatment of the joint cost problem and also a failure to differentiate between start-up and recurrent costs. Unfortunately, there are no reliable studies internationally on GST start-up compliance costs, although the literature has long recognized start-up costs and learning curve costs from a theoretical viewpoint (for a useful review see Pope 2000c). However, the methodology for estimating taxation recurrent compliance costs affords some useful insights; see, for example, Sandford et al (1989) Pope (2000a) Tran-Nam et al (2000). This literature confirms that overhead costs, such as office accommodation, lighting, heating, computer equipment, are difficult to allocate where they are jointly used in normal business activities and tax compliance work. This principle extends to GST compliance costs where a computer and its associated software is used, say, half for GST compliance work and half for management purposes. If the purchase or upgrade was made because of the GST, it could be argued that this purchase would not otherwise have been made, particularly in the case of small business. Related to the joint cost issue is the depreciation of computer hardware and software used for GST compliance. Strictly speaking, in principle, the compliance costs of a new computer system to operate a new tax should be spread over a period rather than be considered a cost solely at the time incurred (Sandford et al 1989). Unfortunately, this principle is difficult to adopt in practice. 2.2Attitudes First research from Shiva Raman S (June 2010) with title Migration to GST: Preparedness and level of Knowledge, Understanding, Application and Skills of Human Resources in the Government and the Industry which questionnaires were used to collect data from middle level tax officials, tax department staff, trade and industry, professionals and general public. Opinionnaires are used to amount the attitude and the acceptance of the respondents. It generally employs the skills by which the degree of the agreement to a matter can be traced. In this article, the attitude was found that given negative attitude of staff towards training. Attitude is a major concern cited by all most all the officials. Supporting the employees to achieve the objectives of GST is one of the most challenging tasks during the transition. Officials are more concerned about the attitude of grass root level staffs that are unknowing and unwilling towards training programs. Implementing Goods and Services Tax in Malaysia is the research from Lim Kim-Hwa (2013). It is impossible to make GST a liberal tax as long as we want to raise the same amount of revenue. GST is a returning tax. The implementation of an ill-thought out welfare system is likely to lead to inflation, abuse, wastage and possibly accentuate a dependency culture. Although cash handouts can be a quick fix and might be a politically perception move, this might not be conducive in driving economic growth led by innovation, knowledge and entrepreneurship. Although these measures are aimed at changing the profit-centred attitude and corrupt practices of the businesses, sustained implementation of these in an era of high inflation will result in the withdrawal of labor and capital from the production of these goods. This is because unprofitable businesses are unsustainable in the long run, and capital and labor might be rearranged to the production of other profitable goods which are not subjec t to price controls. Third research from Adesina Olugoke Oladipupo and Famous Prince Izedonmi (2013) with title Public Perception and Attitude towards Value Added Tax (VAT) in Nigeria. The analysis of results showed that most of the respondents have poor knowledge of VAT law in Nigeria, regardless of their level of literacy, and that there was no significant difference in the amount of knowledge of VAT law among the three groups of respondents used for the study. Obtainable of the total of 2700 taxpayers engaged in the study only 1467 taxpayers responded. Public attitude towards tax matters has often been negative. Taxation was to a large level considered as an instrument of domination manipulated by the ruling class over the subjects. 2.3Knowledge The knowledge base will involve, at its core, a repository of GST issues identified by agencies and the suggested resolution applicable to those issues. †¢ Reduction in the need for agencies to re-learn lessons already addressed by other agencies, providing efficiencies in compliance activities; †¢ A build-up of GST knowledge within the government sector to assist with compliance as well as ongoing management of the GST; †¢ increase the likelihood that GST compliance issues are addressed with consistency across agencies; The knowledge as a source of jobs and income, they have gained an important position in the economic development agenda. Hereby, clusterization policies have been conceived as a framework to induce the growth and to optimize resources used to support them. Creating clusters could help to overcome RD, production, and marketing obstacles, and allow them to compete with large companies in distant foreign markets. It increase the likelihood that agencies will consider the significant issues facing their business. Otherwise knowledge may suffer in business decisions and as whole the economy of the country in turn. The direct taxes are influencing income earners but indirect taxes are influencing every common citizen of the country and have great social impact. Cost accountants as experts in the Indirect taxes can take lead and disseminate the knowledge of taxation across the country. Understanding the forthcoming GST tax regime and Direct Tax Code; Cost accountants have very vital role to play which will facilitate the better tax administration. 3.1 Introduction This chapter will address the overall procedures and how the survey will be conducted. This chapter consists of research design, research framework, research hypothesis, research methods, subject and sample, research instrument, data analysis, and conclusion for this chapter. 3.2 Research Framework The figure 3.1 shows the level of knowledge of GST among retailer research framework in this study. The framework summarized the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable. There are four independent variables which is knowledge, attitudes, resources, and channel has been used. The dependent variable is the awareness of GST among retailer in Kota Bharu Kelantan. 3.3Research Design

Flowcharting :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Flowcharting A flowchart is a planning tool that uses graphics or symbols to illustrate the steps of a particular process. In a business organization "flowcharting, also known as logic or flow diagramming, is an invaluable tool for understanding the inner workings of, and relation- ships between, business processes." (Harrington, 86) There are four basic flowcharts, each having a specific function and they include: block diagrams, ANSI standard flowchart, functional flowchart, and geographical flowchart. Understanding and applying flowcharts normally will improve the quality of a company's product or service. The most common type of flowchart is a block diagram, also known as a block flow diagram. "Block diagrams provide a quick overview of a process, not a detailed analysis. Normally they are prepared first to document the magnitude of the process; then another type of flowchart is used to analyze the process in detail." (Harrington, 92) Block diagrams use elongated circles to depict the beginning and the end of a flowchart, and all activities in between are represented by rectangles with lines and arrows connecting each activity. Of the four basic flowcharts, the block diagram is the easiest to understand and use. As previously stated, a block diagram is a flowchart that is used as a starting point. Applying the ANSI standard flowchart makes a perfect follow-up flowchart that provides greater detail using additional symbols. A rectangle is used to indicate a change of operation. A diamond is used to indicate that a decision is to be made. The movement or transportation of property is indicated by a fat arrow while a slim arrow denotes the movement from one process to another. An elongated circle depicts the beginning and the end of a process. The amount of detail involved with the ANSI standard flowchart accurately depicts the sequence of events of a specific business process. Another type of flowchart is a functional flowchart. "A functional flowchart identifies how vertically oriented functional departments affect a process flowing horizontally across an organization." (Harrington 101) For example, the hiring process might begin with a manager realizing the need for another employee so his request would then be submitted to the controller to evaluate the budget. The controller would then ask the personnel department to conduct interviews to search for an employee to hire. Using either standard or block flowchart symbols works effectively with a functional flowchart.

Belonging – ‘We Are Going’

What does the Oodgeroo Noonuccal poem ‘We Are Going’ have to say about Belonging and Not Belonging? How does the poet use language forms, features and structures to convey ideas and feelings? The poem ‘We Are Going’ by Oodgeroo Noonuccal is about the displacement of the Aboriginal people in Australian society/culture and their confusion about where or what to belong to as their traditional customs are taken away/forgotten. The text raises the issues and themes of ‘Belonging’ through a mostly-‘defeated’ tone as it shows their loss of tradition and culture in the new Australia.In order to create a sense of sympathy and consideration for the Aboriginal people, the poet uses a range of language forms and techniques to cause effect in this text. One of the most important of these is the writer’s use of Irony – in Lines 8-9 we see the words, â€Å"We are strangers here now, but the white tribe are the strangers. We belong h ere, we are of the old ways†. This statement, in particular, expresses the overall message of this poem while focusing on the ‘Belonging’ concept.The writer put forward the interesting yet tragic idea that the Aboriginal people no longer belong to their homeland, whereas the â€Å"White tribe† – who are unable to fully understand or appreciate it as the Indigenous do – have now overrun them and belong more to this land now than they do. This side of the poem brings it its tragic and â€Å"defeated† tone, thus affecting the reader. The language the poet uses is quite informal and colloquial, without using any slang. The feeling created is that of a story-telling almost.They also use some Indigenous words such as â€Å"corroboree† and â€Å"Dream Time†. This is in-keeping with the poet’s heritage and the nature of ‘belonging’ to a language and to a people. Using unusual, broken-meter and irregular phrasin g, the melancholy mood is heightened in that it doesn’t flow as a poem often does. This puts more emphasis on each line and makes it sound less like a poem, more like a short story. Then, in Lines 8-14, the constant repetition of the word â€Å"we† at the beginning of each line gives the poem a more defiant, hopeful edge; making it sound like a pledge.The blunt contrast between the words â€Å"We† and â€Å"They† at the beginning of many lines de-humanises the White people, making them seem more like an enemy or foe. The poet also uses very emotive words such as â€Å"Subdued and Silent†, â€Å"Dream Time†, â€Å"Laughter† and â€Å"Belong† to cause effect, as well as Visually-impacting words such as â€Å"Wandering Camp Fires†, â€Å"Lightening†, â€Å"Dark Lagoon† and â€Å"Shadow Ghosts†. These add to the emotional effect and eerie feel. Like a true Indigenous person (the author is clearly Aborigi nal by looking at her name and her use of â€Å"they† and â€Å"we†), they speak of the land like their mother, their provider (eg. The shrubs are gone, the hunting and the laughter. The eagle is gone, the emu and the kangaroo are gone from this place†, and so the poet asserts a strong connection and sense of ‘Belonging’ to the land and to their people, even though they are â€Å"dying out† as a culture and community. As the final line states, â€Å"And We Are Going†, the writer is not only stressing that their race or clan is becoming extinct, but also that the traditional Indigenous customs and traditions and being forgotten.These are a part of the Aboriginal culture and a significant thing, which they belong to as a people. This is shown through the writer’s emphasis on these customs and traditions in such lines as â€Å"We are the corroboree and the bora ground† and â€Å"We are the wonder tales of the Dream Time, the tribal legends told. † When the poet uses phrases like â€Å"The Shrubs are gone† and â€Å"The emu and kangaroo are gone from this place†, she doesn’t mean they are extinct completely, of course.What she is saying is, in fact, is that their traditional way of life is gone – the hunting and gathering, their â€Å"wandering camp fires†. The White people have come and taken over their land and have chased away many of the native plants, animals etc. and as such the Aboriginals are left confused and misplaced in their own land, becoming dependent on the Europeans for food, whereas before they were self-sufficient and able to hunt, and medicine, with the introduction of virus and disease.And so, basically, the poem is in fact a metaphor for the disappearing old way of life of the Aboriginal people and their connection and sense of Belonging to the land. It assumes a slightly nostalgic tone with traces of defiance in some parts but an overall sen se of hopelessness and defeat. Through it, we the reader meditate on the idea of ‘Belonging’ and ask ourselves what the Aboriginal people will belong to in our society where their old traditional ways are being taken away. In the words of Oodgeroo Noonuccal, â€Å"We Are Going†.

Health Promotion Proposal Essay

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate intervention for prevention of depression and substance use in children of depressed parents. Two interventions, one for depression, and one for substance use were used. Based on the results of questionnaires about substance use beliefs, family depression, and coping skills, a program was developed to prevent adolescent depression and substance use by strengthening parenting and family relationships and to make positive changes easier for children. This article is relevant to my proposal, and I will most likely use it later. It uses terminology that should be able to be understood by the targeted audience, and reiterates what past research has found. Hassan, I., & Ali, R. (2011). The association between somatic symptoms, anxiety disorders and substance use. A literature review. Psychiatric Quarterly, 82(4), 315-328. This article focused on the link between somatic symptoms and substance use. Those with anxiety disorders also were substance users, however the study was ambivalent, stating that some depression symptoms may have made the results difficult to discern. The article was confusing to me, and most likely would be difficult for the layperson to decipher as well. It also states that substance use may be a precursor for anxiety which further complicates understanding. This article is not targeted for the audience I would be attempting to reach, and I most likely will not use it in my proposal. It has some information that can be used for reference, however it is not exactly what I would be looking to use in my proposal. Meyer, J. P., Springer, S. A., & Altice, F. L. (2011). Substance abuse, violence, and HIV in women: A literature review of the syndemic. Journal of Women’s Health (15409996), 20(7), 991-1006. This article in a Women’s Health Journal focuses on poor women and th e barriers to medical care that they face. The authors who are medical doctors, certainly knowledgeable on the topic, speak of several issues that poor women have with accessing medical care; however substance use is mentioned as a contributing factor, not actually the main problem. The information seems reliable, with statistics included from a recent survey. Some information from this article may be used for my final proposal. Sheidow, A. J., McCart, M., Zajac, K., & Davis, M. (2012). Prevalence and impact of substance use among emerging adults with serious mental health conditions. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35(3), 235-243. This article is about adults and how they function in society while being impacted by substance use and serious mental health issues. It is an analysis of the correlation between adults who are impacted and those who are not, and reviews what the ensuing consequences are for those adults moving forward into adulthood. The authors of this article have a wide range of experience in this topic and psychotherapy. As peer reviewed journals and the most recent data was used, making it a reliable, trustworthy source. I will use information obtained from this article for my proposal. Greenfield, L., & Wolf-Branigin, M. (2009). Mental health indicator interaction in predicting substance abuse treatment outcomes in nevada. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 35(5), 350-357. This article reviews the indictors for predicting the outcome of substance use treatment in Nevada. Upon reviewing admission and discharge data, indicators of co-occurring disorders were a DSM diagnosis of mental health, alcohol, or other drug abuse, and a mental health agency referral. A large sample size was used to affirm reliability, with those under 18, and those entering detoxification removed for further validity as only adults were to participate. The study found that those who had at least one mental health indicator reported higher instances of substance use. The authors are experienced doctors on the topic of addictions, and Lawrence Greenfield has written at least two publications on the topic. I will use information from this article in my proposal. Wright, E., McGuiness, T., Moneyham, L. D., Schumacher, J. E., Zwerling, A., & Stullenbarger, N. (2012). Opioid abuse among nurse anesthetists and anesthesiologists. AANA Journal, 80(2), 120-128. This is an interesting article that informs the audience about the prevalence of opiod abuse among healthcare providers. This is an important fact to consider, as anesthesiologists have a higher risk for addiction, namely because of accessibility. This article is important to research since substance use in the general population is tracked, but substance use in anesthesiologists is difficult to trace due to legal ramifications and under reporting. The authors who are nurses and CRNA’s know first hand how prevalent the issue is. They include FAAN nurses and other well established nurses who do a great job in addressing the pertinent issues of substance use in anesthesiologists. The fact that healthcare providers are the focus of the article means that I will not use much information from within this source. Morgan, M. L., Brosi, W. A., & Brosi, M. W. (2011). Restoring older adults’ narratives about self and substance abuse. American Journal of Family Therapy, 39(5), 444-455. Discusses the older population and the challenges they face including substance abuse. It informs the audience of the assumptions that complicate the diagnosis and treatment of substance abuse for older adults. The authors of this article appear credible, and the article is recent which gives thanks to Dr Sara Smock for her input. Dr Smock is Assistant Professor at Texas Tech University. The article will be useful for some information in my proposal as the community does include the older population as well the young adults. Osborne, V. A., & Benner, K. (2012). Utilizing screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment: Teaching assessment of substance abuse. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), e37-8. The article gives a detailed review of a study that used screening, intervention, and treatment referral with social work students. The students received training on each of these methods used to assess alcohol and substance use. It goes on to describe how the study evaluated the student’s perceptions about alcohol and substance use pre and post training. The authors both hold doctorates and are well versed in social work, and each written publications on substance abuse. Although the results of the study provide important conclusions regarding the benefit of screening by social workers, it is geared more towards social workers or social work students. I will not use this source in my proposal. Office of national drug control policy evidence-based principles for substance abuse prevention- Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/prevent/evidence_based_eng.html This article describes Evidence-Based Principles aimed at preventing substance abuse. The Office of National Drug Control Policy is required to create and fulfill research based prevention for substance abuse in the community and other settings. Interventions included targeting specific populations at high or low risk for abuse; using methods proven to work, intervening at transitional stages in people’s lives in the home, school, workplace, etc., and evaluating the program’s effectiveness by ensuring goals have been reached. No author was named, however the references used for prevention interventions were from reliable sources such as The National Institute on Drug Abuse and the US Dept of Education. The focus of this article is relevant to my proposal; therefore I will use this source in my final proposal. Community-based substance abuse prevention. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.asapcenter.org/documents/Supporting%20Community-Based%20Substance%20Abuse%20Prevention.pdf This site provided information about a community health program in Cincinnati called The Health Foundation of Greater Cincinnati. To fulfill its goal of substance abuse prevention, and assist community groups, a center was created to provide training and grants for community groups. The article discusses and stresses the importance of prevention for all people, young and old, and the financial implications prevention has. The information from this article should be clear to lay persons, and will be useful for my proposal. References: Mason, W. W., Haggerty, K., Fleming, A., & Casey-Goldstein, M. (2012). Family intervention to prevent depression and substance use among adolescents of depressed parents. Journal Of Child & Family Studies, 21(6), 891-905. Hassan, I., & Ali, R. (2011). The association between somatic symptoms, anxiety disorders and substance use. A literature review. Psychiatric Quarterly, 82(4), 315-328. Meyer, J. P., Springer, S. A., & Altice, F. L. (2011). Substance abuse, violence, and HIV in women: A literature review of the syndemic. Journal Of Women’s Health (15409996), 20(7), 991-1006. Sheidow, A. J., McCart, M., Zajac, K., & Davis, M. (2012). Prevalence and impact of substance use among emerging adults with serious mental health conditions. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35(3), 235-243. Greenfield, L., & Wolf-Branigin, M. (2009). Mental health indicator interaction in predicting substance abuse treatment outcomes in nevada. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 35(5), 350-357. Wright, E., McGuiness, T., Moneyham, L. D., Schumacher, J. E., Zwerling, A., & Stullenbarger, N. (2012). Opioid abuse among nurse anesthetists and anesthesiologists. AANA Journal, 80(2), 120-128. Morgan, M. L., Brosi, W. A., & Brosi, M. W. (2011). Restoring older adults’ narratives about self and substance abuse. American Journal of Family Th erapy, 39(5), 444-455. Osborne, V. A., & Benner, K. (2012). Utilizing screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment: Teaching assessment of substance abuse. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), e37-8. Office of national drug control policy evidence-based principles for substance abuse prevention- Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/prevent/evidence_based_eng.html Community-based substance abuse prevention. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.asapcenter.org/documents/Supporting%20Community-Based%20Substance%20Abuse%20Prevention.pdf