Animal Testing Should Not Be Banned - 847 Words

Nearly every disease known to humans has been researched at some point in time using animals (Lee). As a matter of fact 100 million animals are used in chemical, food, cosmetic, and medical testing every year (Mendoza). Testing on animals can be cruel and inhumane. Many of the test done to animals have already been performed. Despite animal testing alternatives many researchers still use animals in research today. Animals should not be used in research. Specifically 1.8 million animals are used in university licensed research. For example Oxford University has used 190,169 animals and Cambridge University has used 169,353 animals (Connor 16). Several other universities also use animals in research. Furthermore not all animals are used in†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, many animals are being subjected to sickness, pain, and early death (Moss A.12). For instance live animals are sometimes used in car crash testing (Manning) and one facility removes monkey fetuses by C-secti on, aborts, and sells the fetuses along with the monkeys’ breast milk (Lush). It is important to relize that animals can feel physical pain and can understand and experience emotional pain. In particular monkeys have the intellectual capability similar to young children (Panahi 18). Plus, mice and rats are compassionate, intelligent, and social creatures. For the most part, the understanding of these animals has not reached the public, but over time more and more people have gotten to know what goes on inside research labs (Avila). The battle over animal rights dates back to the 17th century (Spevack). In the year 1655 Edmund O’ Meara states that the pain a subject endures during a dissection will interfere with the accuracy of the results. Then in the year 1892 the American Humane Association wants laws prohibiting the repetition of already known tests. By the time 1959 the three R’s came out: Reduction- fewer animals used in experiments, Replacement- use non-a nimal alternatives, and Refinement- try not to cause pain, distress, or suffering (â€Å"Animal Rights Timeline†).

Research Proposal for Assessment of Psychological- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theResearch Proposal for Assessment of Psychological. Answer: Introduction Social relationships are one of the most studied factors that contribute to quality of life (QoL) among cancer patients. It is a well recognised fact that cancer diagnosis and its exhaustive treatment are stressful events and create extreme emotional burden on the patient the family members. Recent studies have focused on the different psychosocial characteristics of cancer. Psycho-oncology has shown rapid developments in the past two decades and has led to the creation of a model that associates oncology with the psychological domain (Crist Grunfeld, 2013). Being diagnosed with cancer is likely to create severe physical and emotional stress. Research studies predominantly focus on individual coping mechanisms such as inhibition and fighting spirit. Coping is therefore considered as the response to a perceived self-threat, such as life-threatening diseases like cancer. Coping involves several strategies that focus on the problem such as seeking instrumental support and planning, and targets the emotional distress caused due to the illness. Strategies like searching for emotional support and acceptance also work to reduce the distress. These coping techniques lead to the establishment of positive outcomes among cancer patients and enhance their overall well-being and quality of life (Schmidt et al., 2012). This research proposal aims to develop a qualitative study based on the grounded theory that will help to assess how cancer patients cope with their health status. Literature review Coping with cancer diagnosis and its treatment is therefore characterized as a dyadic affair. Several notable researches have been done to evaluate the mechanisms by which cancer patients cope in their life and the subsequent effects on their quality of life. The PICO framework was utilized to find clinically relevant evidences (Cooke, Smith Booth, 2012). For this literature review, electronic databases like SCOPUS, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library were used. The review includes peer reviewed journals that were published in English and contained information on coping strategies among cancer patients. The journals with date of publishing not before 2012 were selected. Exclusion criteria contained journals that were published prior to 2012, non-English articles, and dissertations and published abstracts. The search terms were cancer, coping, quality of life, psychosocial, grounded theory, and coping strategies. One study investigated the coping strategies that were utilized by young adult s diagnosed with advanced cancer and also examined the relationship between psychological distress and the identified coping strategies. 53 YA participants were recruited and their informed consent was taken prior to starting the research. On statistical analysis of the Brief COPE 24 item scale and the Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (PG-12), it was found that 6 coping factors were associated with the factor analysis. The factors identified were proactive coping, distancing, support seeking, respite seeking, acceptance and negative expressions. On the other hand, physical wellbeing and dependent children were found to be confounding variables that predicted grief among such patients. Physical wellbeing showed negative correlation with respite seeking and grief (rs=-0.33, p0.05). Thus, the study successfully identified the most effective coping strategies related to cancer among young adults. Support-seeking, acceptance coping and proactive coping were found to be the most frequently used coping strategies (Trevino et al., 2012). Another study illustrated the grounded theory with respect to survivorship among breast cancer patients. The electronic mailing list software, LISTSERV was used to make an announcement, which was posted on the SHARE Web site. The primary aim of this announcement was to recruit women who were known to be diagnosed with breast cancer and were presently undergoing treatment. 15 respondents were recruited for the study. The experiences and perceptions of the enrolled women revealed that diagnosis of breast cancer acted as a turning point in their life. They recognized breast cancer as a part of their lives, learned to live with the disease and gradually worked towards creating a new life in the long run. Results showed that survivorship in breast cancer was marked by time, support and coming to terms with the associated trauma and treatment aftermath. Self-healing, developing new perspectives, creating new mindset and experiencing wellbeing and growth through all adversities enhanced the survivorship (Sherman, Rosedale Haber, 2012). Evidences from a meta-analysis and systematic review, which measured the psychosocial interventions among couples coping with cancer, showed that couple-based interventions play a significant role in improving quality of life aspects in both patients and their partners. A total of 43 randomized controlled trial studies were used. Couple-based interventions were found to create beneficial effects on the patients who had been diagnosed with cancer (Badr Krebs, 2013). Another study was conducted to inquire about the social context of communication and lived experiences of cancer patients, based on the grounded theory. Potential participants were made to complete an interview that would assess their suitability for the study. All participants were aged 18-74 years and did not have any intellectual disabilities. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric interview was used to measure Axis 1, which provided a description of the distress nature and level among the respondents. Results from th e studies revealed that the Axis 1 diagnostic criteria were met by 50 participants. Three models were obtained from the research; the first model described the ways of quality of care evaluation by patients. On the other hand, the remaining 2 models referred to cancer-coping process where coping attempts via communication and the associated loss or distress were described. It created avenues for further research on cancer interventions (Knott et al., 2012). Another meta-analytic review was conducted that focused on measuring self-efficacy coping strategies and evaluated their association with psychosocial outcomes among cancer patients. The CBI scale was used to measure the distress level. It was found that self-efficacy was negatively correlated with distress outcomes. Positive correlations were displayed by between coping with cancer and self-efficacy. Therefore, the study helped in establishing the fact that people with high efficacy showed less anxiety and was better able to adjust to stressful situations upon diagnosis of cancer (Chirico et al., 2017). Results from another qualitative interview, conducted among patients with lung, prostate and breast cancer showed that people suffering from advanced cancer and their family members develop coping strategies that help them to effectively manage the psychological wellbeing. The major coping strategies that contribute to wellbeing of the individuals are support, indulgence and learning from peers (Walshe et al., 2017). Research question The aims of this research are as follows: What strategies are adopted by people to cope with their life at an advanced stage of cancer? What are the psychological impacts of cancer on the patient and the family members? When are these coping strategies thought to be effective and why? Theoretical framework The grounded theory principles will be used to conduct the research. It refers to a series of systematic inductive methods that are used to conduct qualitative research, which is aimed towards development of thetheory. The methodological strategies that are involved in this theory aim to develop middle-leveltheoriesfrom the obtained results directly. Strong empirical foundations are used to build the power of the analyses. A focused, conceptual and abstract theory will be obtained toexplain the empirical phenomena being studied (Charmaz Belgrave, 2012). This theory has been used by several other research studies to explore how family members utilize coping strategies during cancer diagnosis and treatment. The groundedtheorywill be used owing to its significance in providing sequential guidelines that will help to conduct the research (Wolfswinkel, Furtmueller Wilderom, 2013). Moreover, the theory will offer strategies to handle the inquiry phases; will assist in streamlining data c ollection and analysis. The research will also get legitimized on application of this theory. Research site 3 cancer hospitals in Queensland, Australia will be selected as the research site. Site selection plays a significant role in successful conduction of clinical or qualitative research. Improper selection of the research site can lead to compromise of the results that the research aims to achieve. On matching the criteria for research site selection to the specific requirements and features of the proposal, the likelihood of efficient conduction of the research study will increase. Moreover, it will lead to availability of sufficient amount of superior quality data to achieve the study outcomes. 3 cancer hospitals will be selected as the site owing to the huge prevalence of cancer in Australia. Cancer was the leading cause of death in Australia (Torre et al., 2015). It was reported to be the second leading death cause in the year 2014. The hospitals that provide screening and treatment facilities for breast, bowel and prostate cancer will be selected due to greater incidence of these 3 cancer types in Australia. Sample Detailed sheets that contained information on the proposed study will be distributed at the waiting areas and to oncologists practicing at each of the 3 selected hospitals. All potential participants will be screened for meeting the eligibility criteria before being recruited for the study. The participants should meet the following criteria: They should be aged above 18 years. There will be no upper age limit. They should have received a diagnosis for breast, prostate or bowel cancer. They should be able to speak fluent English. There should be no intellectual impairment in the participants. They should be residents of Queensland. They should be available for undergoing psychological treatments on a weekly basis if required. The exclusion criteria would include: Physically unwell patients. Those with DSM-IV psychotic disorder. Data generation Informed consent will be taken separately from each participant before commencing the study. A moderator trained in the qualitative research methods will carry out structured interviews for individual participants. They will be welcomed by the moderator and their permission will be taken before audio recording their responses to the interview questions. They will then be asked to respond to the questions without any apprehensions. The interview transcript will be coded, using the NVivo 10 software, to make the study more sensitive theoretically (AlYahmady Alabri, 2013). The interview would contain several questions, some of which are stated below: How long have you been diagnosed with cancer? What were your immediate reactions? Do you know how the cancer developed? What did you find about your illness? What makes you feel that you had a good day? How do you manage to make terms with the illness? How do you communicate with your friends and family after the diagnosis? Does the oncologist effectively communicate with you? Are your family and friends supportive? Do you feel pessimistic ever since the disease has been detected? Are you happy with the treatment? Data analysis The obtained results will be analysed using Glasers framework of grounded theory. The limited codes obtained during the interview phase would be collected and applied to a larger data (Kolb, 2012). This will be followed by a comparison of the coded data with the larger set. This constant comparison method would lead to continuous verification of the responses and will lead to the formation of a rich and detailed theory on the psychological effects on cancer patients (Thornberg Charmaz, 2014). Ethical issues Some major ethical concerns that should be taken into account before carrying out the research are: confidentiality, anonymity and informed consentof the participants. No personal information of the patients should be shared or revealed. All possible efforts should be taken to reduce intrusion into patient autonomy (Damianakis Woodford, 2012). Moreover, it is of utmost importance to taken informed consent of the participants prior to data collection. They should be given a detailed explanation of the nature of the research, their role, the objectives of the study and how the results would be published and utilized. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that people who suffer from cancer often find the physical, social and emotional effects of the disease to be extremely stressful. Patients who successfully attempt to manage this stress with indulgence into behaviors or those who start following sedentary lifestyle, after cancer treatment often report poor quality of life. In contrast, people who efficiently utilize coping strategies such as relaxation, emotional support and acceptance display positive health and psychological outcomes. This report therefore aimed to propose a study that would evaluate the psychological impacts on cancer patients with respect to the coping strategies they follow, using the grounded theory approach. References AlYahmady, H. H., Alabri, S. S. (2013). Using NVivo for data analysis in qualitative research.International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education,2(2), 181-186. Badr, H., Krebs, P. (2013). A systematic review and meta?analysis of psychosocial interventions for couples coping with cancer.Psycho?Oncology,22(8), 1688-1704. Charmaz, K., Belgrave, L. (2012). Qualitative interviewing and grounded theory analysis.The SAGE handbook of interview research: The complexity of the craft,2, 347-365. Chirico, A., Lucidi, F., Merluzzi, T., Alivernini, F., De Laurentiis, M., Botti, G., Giordano, A. (2017). A meta-analytic review of the relationship of cancer coping self-efficacy with distress and quality of life.Oncotarget,8(22), 36800-36811. Cooke, A., Smith, D., Booth, A. (2012). Beyond PICO: the SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis.Qualitative Health Research,22(10), 1435-1443. Crist, J. V., Grunfeld, E. A. (2013). Factors reported to influence fear of recurrence in cancer patients: a systematic review.Psycho?Oncology,22(5), 978-986. Damianakis, T., Woodford, M. R. (2012). Qualitative research with small connected communities: Generating new knowledge while upholding research ethics.Qualitative health research,22(5), 708-718. Knott, V., Turnbull, D., Olver, I., Winefield, A. (2012). A grounded theory approach to understand the cancer?coping process.British journal of health psychology,17(3), 551-564. Kolb, S. M. (2012). Grounded theory and the constant comparative method: Valid research strategies for educators.Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies,3(1), 83. Schmidt, S. D., Blank, T. O., Bellizzi, K. M., Park, C. L. (2012). The relationship of coping strategies, social support, and attachment style with posttraumatic growth in cancer survivors.Journal of Health Psychology,17(7), 1033-1040. Sherman, D. W., Rosedale, M., Haber, J. (2012, May). Reclaiming life on one's own terms: a grounded theory study of the process of breast cancer survivorship. InOncology nursing forum(Vol. 39, No. 3). Thornberg, R., Charmaz, K. (2014). Grounded theory and theoretical coding.The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis, 153-169. Torre, L. A., Bray, F., Siegel, R. L., Ferlay, J., Lortet?Tieulent, J., Jemal, A. (2015). Global cancer statistics, 2012.CA: a cancer journal for clinicians,65(2), 87-108. Trevino, K. M., Maciejewski, P. K., Fasciano, K., Greer, J., Partridge, A., Kacel, E. L., ... Prigerson, H. G. (2012). Coping and psychological distress in young adults with advanced cancer.The journal of supportive oncology,10(3), 124. Walshe, C., Roberts, D., Appleton, L., Calman, L., Large, P., Lloyd-Williams, M., Grande, G. (2017). Coping well with advanced cancer: a serial qualitative interview study with patients and family carers.PloS one,12(1), e0169071. Wolfswinkel, J. F., Furtmueller, E., Wilderom, C. P. (2013). Using grounded theory as a method for rigorously reviewing literature.European journal of information systems,22(1), 45-55.

Mindless Behavior free essay sample

WARNING: This story may cause a huge case of teenage love 😉 Jackson Five, NSYNC, New Edition, B2K the Backstreet Boys are just a few of the great teen boy bands. Now you can add Mindless Behavior to that list! With a new album called #1 Girl out thats #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 #2 under the R section. Also just having released their 5th music video, Mindless Behavior is living the life! Mindless Behavior is a group of 4 teen boys ranging from 14-15 years old. Prodigy is the lead singer of the group and known for being amazing dancer and having an awesome fro-hawk. Princeton, is outgoing, all about peace the one rockin an afro. Ray Ray is the one with the sense of humor and charm. Lastly, Roc Royal is the rapper of the group, the youngest out of the 4 and a dare devil. These 4 boys are making the girls go crazy! Mindless Behaviors music is a mix of pop R that every teen can relate to and you can listen to with the whole family. We will write a custom essay sample on Mindless Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even the little ones know who they are and are caught singing along to the great songs of Mindless Behavior. So if youre a young teen girl looking for love or just a good group of artists to jam to, Mindless Behavior is the group of for you. PS: Theyre looking for their #1 Girl.

Deaf Culture essays

Deaf Culture essays Deaf people, like hearing people have their own culture. Not only d they have there own language but a separate culture then hearing people. The deaf culture is very important to the deaf community in this paper I will tell you some examples of this amazing culture. Many people of the hearing community might think of a deaf person as handicapped but if you called a deaf person this, they would be offended. Deaf people do not think of them self as disabled or handicapped. They prefer to call them selfs by this only for social, political, or economical needs. Many hearing people think that deaf people should learn to lip-read and learn how to speak so hearing people can understand them. Deaf people like to think of them selfs as having nothing more then a language barrier, such as we would think for someone who spoke Spanish instead of English. Also phrases such as deaf and dumb and deaf and mute and hearing impaired are considered offensive to many people in the deaf community. Hard of hearing or just Deaf are preferred by most deaf people. There are a few different types of sign language that a deaf person might use. The most common is ASL (American sign language) when signing in ASL you uses a different grammatical structure. Also In ASL you do not sign every word, words like it, the, is, a, an, etc. are not signed. Another language used is Pidgin signing. With Pidgin you leave out the small words and articles but you use the exact word order. Another is exact English; with this you sign every word, and in the same order as you would in spoken English. ASL has existed since late 1700s. French sign language and British sign language existed in Europe before ASL began. A lot of ASL comes from French sign language. When Europeans came here to settle they brought their deaf culture. When speaking to a deaf person, no matter what type of sig...

Oath of Allegiance to the United States

Oath of Allegiance to the United States The Oath of Allegiance to the United States, legally called the â€Å"Oath of Allegiance,† is required under federal law to be sworn to by all immigrants who wish to become naturalized citizens of the United States. The complete Oath of Allegiance states: I hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure (or renounce) all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty, of whom or which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law; and that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; so help me God. The basic principles of U.S. citizenship embodied in the Oath of Allegiance include: Supporting the Constitution;Renouncing all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty of whom or which the applicant was previously a subject or citizen;Supporting and defending the Constitution and laws of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic;Bearing true faith and allegiance to the Constitution and laws of the United States; and Bearing arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law; orPerforming noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by the law; orPerforming work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law. Under the law, the Oath of Allegiance may be administered only by officials of the U.S. Customs and Immigration Services (USCIS); immigration judges; and eligible courts. History of the Oath The first use of an oath of allegiance was recorded during the Revolutionary War when new officers in the Continental Army were required by Congress to disavow any allegiance or obedience to England’s King George the Third. The Naturalization Act of 1790, required immigrants applying for citizenship simply to agree â€Å"to support the Constitution of the United States.† The Naturalization Act of 1795 added the requirement that immigrants renounce the leader or â€Å"sovereign† of their native country. The Naturalization Act of 1906 along with creating the federal government’s first official Immigration Service, added wording to the oath requiring new citizens to swear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution and to defend it against all enemies, foreign and domestic. In 1929, the Immigration Service standardized the language of the Oath. Prior to then, each immigration court was free to develop its own wording and method of administering the Oath. The section in which applicants swear to bear arms and perform non-combat service in the U.S. armed forces was added to the Oath by the Internal Security Act of 1950, and the section about performing work of national importance under civilian direction was added by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. How the Oath Could be Changed The current exact wording of the Oath of Citizenship is established by a presidential executive order. However, the Customs and Immigration Service could, under the Administrative Procedure Act, change the text of the Oath at any time, provided that the new wording reasonably meets the following â€Å"five principals† required by Congress: Allegiance to the United States ConstitutionRenunciation of allegiance to any foreign country to which the immigrant has had previous allegiancesDefense of the Constitution against enemies foreign and domesticPromise to serve in the United States Armed Forces when required by law (either combat or non-combat)Promise to perform civilian duties of national importance when required by law Exemptions to the Oath Federal law allows prospective new citizens to claim two exemptions when taking the Oath of Citizenship: Consistent with the First Amendment’s assurance of religious freedom, the phrase â€Å"so help me God† is optional and the phrase â€Å"and solemnly affirm† can be substituted for the phrase â€Å"on oath.†Should the prospective citizen be unwilling or unable to vow to bear arms or perform non-combat military service because of their â€Å"religious training and belief,† they may omit those clauses. The law specifies that the exemption from vowing to bear arms or perform non-combat military service must be based solely on the applicant’s belief in relation to a â€Å"Supreme Being,† rather than on any political, sociological, or philosophical views or a personal moral code. In claiming this exemption, applicants may be required to provide supporting documentation from their religious organization. While the applicant is not required to belong to a specific religious group, he or she must establish â€Å"a sincere and meaningful belief that has a place in the applicant’s life that is equivalent to that of a religious belief.†

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Business Plan - Essay Example That is the reason why the â€Å"Business Plan† report should contain some fundamental parameters like the overall market and the financial analysis of the business. In this particular case of opening franchise business a detailed company summery and ownership structure is also needed to be included. This is because the strength and weaknesses of the original company is being reflected in the respective franchise. The basic marketing strategy and product offering remains same throughout all the franchises. Here in this particular case a franchise is being opened in an international location. Thus a detailed market analysis of the company is required prior to any financial assumptions. This business plan will distinctly contain three sections. The first section will contain the company background (PinkBerry), the second section will give an overview of the general marketing strategy of PinkBerry and the third section will give an estimate of the financial estimates of the propo sed franchise. The Company started its operation in the year 2005 and it has originated mainly from the two cities of Los Angeles and New York and within five years of their operation the company PinkBerry has successfully established its leadership in the frozen yogurt segment. (â€Å"The leading, enduring, frozen yogurt brand for franchising†, 2009). Operating in a very concentrated segment the company has concentrated more on developing a cult-like following in its customer base. Though the company has originated locally, its prime focus is to expand both in the local and the global market simultaneously. Its local growth had hit a landmark as PinkBerry opened its first airport store in the month of September of the year 2009. (â€Å"The leading, enduring, frozen yogurt brand for franchising†, 2009) The other local expansion plans are going on in Northern California, Texas, Washington D.C and Florida. (â€Å"The leading, enduring, frozen yogurt brand for

Formal Assignment #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Formal Assignment #4 - Essay Example These changes relate to US demographics, including age, gender and ethnic composition. The changes in the labor market can affect both the native and immigrant populations. This paper discusses changes in the US labor market over the past few decades. The paper assumes that the same changes were in New York since it is part of US. One of the most important changes in New York and U.S. labor market is the increased labor force participation of women (Ricardo, Kristie and Michael 50). The past several decades recorded a steady increase in the number of women participating in the labor market. Since 1999, the labor-force participation rate of these women remained steady. Another important demographic change that is affecting the labor force is the evolution of the population’s age distribution. Over the past several years, age is playing an important role in determining labor force participation in New York as well the U.S. most of the working population belongs to the baby-boom generation (Ricardo, Kristie and Michael 53). These are people born between 1946 and 1964. However, this may have negative effects on the overall labor force participation rate since most of these people are growing older. The effect of age on the national economy may result from a reduction in the labor-force participation rate c aused by aging of the baby-boom generation. Racial and ethnic diversity of the U.S. population is another important demographic change that affects labor force participation. Ethnic diversity may be because of social, economic, or political factors. However, it is clear that this diversity affects the labor market in one way or another. Over the past two decades, there is a significant difference in labor force participation among different races. Between 1980 and 1990, the number of immigrant populations in the US labor market increased. The number of immigrant population employed was also very high. The number grew by about 50 percent during that