Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Environment - Essay Example The remedy of such issues needs responsible and careful use of scientific principles. Therefore, it is essential for the engineer to address issues in a professional manner that will ensure there are minimal or no effects towards the environment (Brown, 2002). The purpose of this paper is to show the role of engineers in maintain a healthy environment suitable for the living of human beings. The paper will tackle how engineers are working hand in hand with environmentalist to make sure that their activities do not affect the ecology. Additionally, the paper will look at the role of engineers in recycling waste products that have the potential of being re-used and how they are trying to substitute the use of organic materials with plastics. For another thing, the role of engineers in developing the old methods of engineering that had environmental and health effects to new methods that are safe will be taken into account. Lastly, the paper is going to tackle on renewable sources of energy that can be used so as to save energy and meet the needs of the accruing world population in the years to come. Dumping of chemical wastes in the water, soil and air directly lead to the pollution of rivers and air, and automotive and industrial smoke. Urban development and housing have numerous ecological consequences; the process of building a house consumes energy and raw materials, and the subsequent expansions affect the extensive environment. The energy necessities of housing contribute extensively to global warming. The Generation of dangerous gases and other waste materials, and the release of harmful materials from the different stages of nuclear fuel phases results in global warming (Bell, 2011). Environmentalists and engineers need to work in harmony more than in the ancient times. Ecologists and other ecological scientists must work together with the engineers so as to define the necessities of significant environmental processes and conditions

Doctrine of consideration Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Doctrine of consideration - Article Example As a matter of positive law, the doctrine of consideration crystallized in the reign of Elizabeth I into a number of rules which are still clearly recognizable by the modern common lawyer. First, if a person received a benefit at the hands of the 11romise for which he promised to pay, the benefit was a sufficient consideration: in effect, the promise here was bought and paid for. Second, if the 11romise acted to his detriment in reliance on the promise, so that the non-fulfilment of the promise would cause him actual pecuniary loss, the detriment was a sufficient consideration. ... ions that created debts; In popular etymology this was the very essence of the idea of contract, actus contra actum; With the shift towards liability based on promises, at least on the surface, it was by no means obvious that the same theory should apply, and there developed an alternative formulation of the criteria that marked off binding promises from non-binding ones; by the second half of the sixteenth century this had come to be known as 'consideration' (Ibbetson, 1999, 141). In order to understand its nature and development, it is essential to look at it on two levels, the formal and the substantial. In formal terms, 'it is difficult to talk of any doctrine of 'consideration' before about 1560; While it seems clear that lawyers before this time had the idea that there was some additional factor that was needed to make promises binding, there was no consistent way of describing it; The sources reveal a variety of terms: consideration, causa, recompense, quid pro quo. As the act ion of assumpsit became established, consideration emerged as the term that described the necessary feature. At a straightforward linguistic level, 'consideration' meant little more than 'reason' or 'motive', so that the consideration for a promise can be seen as the reason for which it was made while the standard definition of it found by the early seventeenth century underlines this: 'A cause or occasion meritorious requiring mutual recompense, in fact or in law. Substantively speaking, though, such a definition of consideration seriously misrepresents its meaning' (Ibbetson, 1999, 142) The earliest example of a case in which there is an express averment of consideration is Newman v. Gylbert (1549). The plaintiff declared on a payment of five shillings and also averred that the defendant

Goods and Services Tax Analysis

Goods and Services Tax Analysis INTRODUCTION 1.1Research Background In recent months there are a lot of issues about many retailers especially the traditional retailer want to quit from their business. Their main reason is the launch of the Goods and Services Tax (GST). They are not really aware about GST that be announced in the Malaysia Budget 2014. The aware that we mean here are understanding of the GST. Most of the retailer alert that there will be GST launched in 1 April 2015. The involve supplies chain people like manufacture, wholesaler, and retailer were giving a lead time of 14 months to get ready. There are a lot of GST seminars are held in the 14 month. But it not really effective due to the level of education, from mouth to mouth it causes the information incomplete or become wrong information. GST was first announced in the 2005 Budget for implementation in 2007. However, in February 2006 the Malaysian Government announced that GST would be deferred as more time was needed to get feedback from the public. GST was tabled for first reading in 2009 for proposed implementation in 2011. The bill was supposed to be presented for second reading in 2010 but was withdrawn. However too many retailer did not aware of GST because they did not know how to use the system. The retailer get an order to register GST from Custom Malaysia but they not know the procedure to proceed the GST. The guide from the website did not help the retailer who does not know to use the technology. The retailer also cannot decide the value of income per year exceed RM500, 000 required to register or not because tax will be pay from the consumer. GST is a multi-stage consumption tax on goods and services whereby each point of supply in a production chain is potentially taxable up to the retail stage of distribution. At the same time suppliers are entitled to refunds of GST incurred on business inputs. The basic fundamental of GST Malaysia is its self-policing features which allow the retailer to claim their Input tax credit by way of automatic deduction in their accounting system. Still the VAT arrangement at the Centre and the State had lacks. The CENVAT does not consist of several central taxes such as extra charge, additional excise duty, etc. It also does not capture the value-additions in the distributive occupation below the manufacturing level. The State level VAT does not include some taxes such as luxury tax, entertainment tax, etc. Goods and Services Tax (GST) to replace the existing multiple tax structures of Centre and State taxes is not only desirable but imperative in the emerging economic environment. Increasingly, services are used or consumed in production and distribution of goods and vice versa. This involves taxation of goods and services in an integrated manner as the blurring of line of demarcation between goods and services has made separate taxation of goods and services untenable. Malaysia imposed the GST on April 1 and it is mandatory for businesses that have a turnover of more than RM500, 000 to register with the government. The government expects to collect RM23.2 billion a year from GST. Malaysia has the lowest GST rate in Southeast Asia at 6 per cent while the Philippines has the highest at 12 per cent. 1.2Problem Statement Implementation of GST in a country can be broadly considered from three major perspectives: 1. Government on the setting of GST policies and rulings as well as studies on associated impact on economy, political and other tax systems 2. Customs and Excise on the setting of specific guidelines for different type of businesses, setting of an appropriate Information Systems solutions to handle GST claims and reporting and setting of the appropriate documentations and forms. 3. Businesses on what businesses need to do to make sure that their business is GST compliant. This research paper focuses on GST implementation from business perspective, with particular reference to retailers, with specific aim to examine their awareness as to what need to be done in order to be GST compliant. Awareness contributes not only towards readiness but also potential support for the new tax system. Businesses are unlikely to accept or support a change in the tax system without being made aware of the implications it has on their businesses. According to Bhupinder Singh, the executive director of Ernst Young (Utusan Malaysia, 2005), low awareness of GST implementation especially among the retailers could create mess when it is first introduced. After the implement the Malaysian hard to accept new system of tax been introduced. Under GST regime, businesses bear no additional tax as long as they are registered for GST. Any tax paid on purchases may be claimed back against tax collected on sales. However, the process of collecting and recording tax, documenting it, offsetting it and keeping all records in order to comply with GST requirements for GST registered businesses could be a tedious and expensive process for small and medium sized businesses. GST implementation in April 2015 will not only give the direct effect on the cash flow of the retailer and businesses, it also needs every company to change their practice in the accounting system and business processes. Businesses must be prepared to have good accounting records and trained personnel and proper software to ensure success. From estimates there are at least 500,000 retailers in Malaysia that contribute significantly to Malaysian economy (MYOB, 2005). At present, not much is known about the impact GST will have on this sector. We feel that it is important that level of awareness is ascertained to gauge the impact GST may have on the retailers as the implementation time comes closer. 1.3Research Objectives This study will be focused on the factors that influencing the level of awareness of GST’s implementation impact among retailers: i.To study the relationship between knowledge and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. ii.To study the relationship between resources and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. iii.To study the relationship between attitudes and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. iv.To study the relationship between channels and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. 1.4Research Questions The research question will be developed for this study are: i.Is there a relationship between knowledge and the level of awareness of GST among retailers? ii.Is there a relationship between resources and the level of awareness of GST among retailers? iii.Is there a relationship between attitudes and the level of awareness of GST among retailers? iv.Is there a relationship between channels and the level of awareness of GST among retailers? 1.5Research Hypothesis Four hypotheses have been developed for this study based on dependent and independent variables as given below: Hypothesis 1 Ho:There is no significant relationship between knowledge and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. H1:There is a significant relationship between knowledge and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. Hypothesis 2 Ho:There is no significant relationship between resources and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. H1:There is a significant relationship between resources and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. Hypothesis 3 Ho:There is no significant relationship between attitudes and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. H1:There is a significant relationship between attitudes and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. Hypothesis 4 Ho:There is no significant relationship between channels and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. H1:There is a significant relationship between channels and the level of awareness of GST among retailers. 1.6Significance of the Study Since the study is about Good and Services Tax (GST) that will implement in April 2015. The retailers have heard about Good and Services Tax (GST) but the retailers not know, â€Å"How’s the procedure?† â€Å"What functions it is?† â€Å"These kinds of questions always faced by people especially who lived at rural area. Therefore, with this research it can help the retailer know what the advantages and disadvantage for Good and Services Tax. This research also can provide the clear view and direction to them when they want to doing in future to attract their customers. It also determine the effective of the government to implement GST in case to improve the economic and development of country. The significant of the study focus on many category which are for the researchers and the retailer: Researchers For doing this research, the researchers can get more sustain in the term of knowledge and skills. This study also helps the future researcher use as a guideline or reference to get information by understanding and duplicating the research to further study in identifying other critical factors. The Retailers Retailers who ran the business entity around Kota Bharu had gained the most benefits from this study. Based on the result of this study, the retailers were able to understand in details about effectiveness of Good and Services Tax and also how the retailer aware about this issues. Besides that the retailers able to make accurate decision about which type of product that will bear a tax and exclude tax. At the end of this research, the retailers can optimize their sales with the guide been provided by the government. The government also provide a course for the retailer to understand the basic of calculation taxed been charged. 2.0GST Implementation in Other Country Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a consumption tax established on the value-added concept. GST, also recognized as the value added tax (VAT) in several countries, is a multi-stage consumption tax on goods and services (http://gst.customs.gov.my, 2013). GST is imposed on goods and services at every manufacture and supply stages in the supply chain as well as importation of goods and services (http://www.treasury.gov.my, 2013). In Malaysia, GST will replace the present consumption tax comprising the sales tax and the service tax (SST). Implementation wise, GST shall be prosecuted and charged on the taxable supply of goods and services made in the course or furtherance of business in Malaysia by a taxable person and it is also can be charged based on the importation of goods and services (http://gst.customs.gov.my, 2013). GST is proven to be a better tax system and could spur economic growth as well as increase competitiveness in global market (http://www.treasury.gov.my, 2013). The proposed GST structure in India is similar to that of Canada. Some of the problems that they faced during implementation of GST are discussed here. GST is the form of indirect tax because the tax collection from the government is not directly obtained from the taxpayers. The consumers pay the taxes for the government through the sellers.Besides, experience of Australia has also been covered. Malaysian taxation system is generally divided into two direct taxes and indirect taxes. Four components i.e. customs duties, excise duty, sales tax and service tax are consists by Indirect taxes are administered by the Royal Malaysian Custom Department (RMCD). Direct taxes such as income tax, petroleum income tax, real property gains tax, and stamp duty. Taxation is a vital economic tool because it can be employed to regulate the economy, to revitalize economic growth through the granting of fiscal incentives as a principal aim of implementing tax policies and to provide funds for developmen t projects (JeyapalanKasipillai, 2005). Each of the countries has economic purposes due to the implementation of GST. For example, in New Zealand the usage of GST is unlikely being a useful stabilization tool for monetary policy (Iris Claus, B. S., 2008). The empirical study shows that using GST as a monetary policy tool in New Zealand case has shown that it leads to a larger adjustment in the policy instruments and fluctuations in the real economy and inflation. 2.1Resources 2.1.1Cost Start-up Start-up Compliance Costs Estimates the issue of how much businesses spent in preparing for a GST is problematical as various studies have made varying cost estimates. In estimating start-up compliance costs, uniformity in calculations is important to attain comparative reliability. According Pope (2000) the reliability of GST start-up cost estimates presented by different groups may be questionable because of their treatment of the joint cost problem and also a failure to differentiate between start-up and recurrent costs. Unfortunately, there are no reliable studies internationally on GST start-up compliance costs, although the literature has long recognized start-up costs and learning curve costs from a theoretical viewpoint (for a useful review see Pope 2000c). However, the methodology for estimating taxation recurrent compliance costs affords some useful insights; see, for example, Sandford et al (1989) Pope (2000a) Tran-Nam et al (2000). This literature confirms that overhead costs, such as office accommodation, lighting, heating, computer equipment, are difficult to allocate where they are jointly used in normal business activities and tax compliance work. This principle extends to GST compliance costs where a computer and its associated software is used, say, half for GST compliance work and half for management purposes. If the purchase or upgrade was made because of the GST, it could be argued that this purchase would not otherwise have been made, particularly in the case of small business. Related to the joint cost issue is the depreciation of computer hardware and software used for GST compliance. Strictly speaking, in principle, the compliance costs of a new computer system to operate a new tax should be spread over a period rather than be considered a cost solely at the time incurred (Sandford et al 1989). Unfortunately, this principle is difficult to adopt in practice. 2.2Attitudes First research from Shiva Raman S (June 2010) with title Migration to GST: Preparedness and level of Knowledge, Understanding, Application and Skills of Human Resources in the Government and the Industry which questionnaires were used to collect data from middle level tax officials, tax department staff, trade and industry, professionals and general public. Opinionnaires are used to amount the attitude and the acceptance of the respondents. It generally employs the skills by which the degree of the agreement to a matter can be traced. In this article, the attitude was found that given negative attitude of staff towards training. Attitude is a major concern cited by all most all the officials. Supporting the employees to achieve the objectives of GST is one of the most challenging tasks during the transition. Officials are more concerned about the attitude of grass root level staffs that are unknowing and unwilling towards training programs. Implementing Goods and Services Tax in Malaysia is the research from Lim Kim-Hwa (2013). It is impossible to make GST a liberal tax as long as we want to raise the same amount of revenue. GST is a returning tax. The implementation of an ill-thought out welfare system is likely to lead to inflation, abuse, wastage and possibly accentuate a dependency culture. Although cash handouts can be a quick fix and might be a politically perception move, this might not be conducive in driving economic growth led by innovation, knowledge and entrepreneurship. Although these measures are aimed at changing the profit-centred attitude and corrupt practices of the businesses, sustained implementation of these in an era of high inflation will result in the withdrawal of labor and capital from the production of these goods. This is because unprofitable businesses are unsustainable in the long run, and capital and labor might be rearranged to the production of other profitable goods which are not subjec t to price controls. Third research from Adesina Olugoke Oladipupo and Famous Prince Izedonmi (2013) with title Public Perception and Attitude towards Value Added Tax (VAT) in Nigeria. The analysis of results showed that most of the respondents have poor knowledge of VAT law in Nigeria, regardless of their level of literacy, and that there was no significant difference in the amount of knowledge of VAT law among the three groups of respondents used for the study. Obtainable of the total of 2700 taxpayers engaged in the study only 1467 taxpayers responded. Public attitude towards tax matters has often been negative. Taxation was to a large level considered as an instrument of domination manipulated by the ruling class over the subjects. 2.3Knowledge The knowledge base will involve, at its core, a repository of GST issues identified by agencies and the suggested resolution applicable to those issues. †¢ Reduction in the need for agencies to re-learn lessons already addressed by other agencies, providing efficiencies in compliance activities; †¢ A build-up of GST knowledge within the government sector to assist with compliance as well as ongoing management of the GST; †¢ increase the likelihood that GST compliance issues are addressed with consistency across agencies; The knowledge as a source of jobs and income, they have gained an important position in the economic development agenda. Hereby, clusterization policies have been conceived as a framework to induce the growth and to optimize resources used to support them. Creating clusters could help to overcome RD, production, and marketing obstacles, and allow them to compete with large companies in distant foreign markets. It increase the likelihood that agencies will consider the significant issues facing their business. Otherwise knowledge may suffer in business decisions and as whole the economy of the country in turn. The direct taxes are influencing income earners but indirect taxes are influencing every common citizen of the country and have great social impact. Cost accountants as experts in the Indirect taxes can take lead and disseminate the knowledge of taxation across the country. Understanding the forthcoming GST tax regime and Direct Tax Code; Cost accountants have very vital role to play which will facilitate the better tax administration. 3.1 Introduction This chapter will address the overall procedures and how the survey will be conducted. This chapter consists of research design, research framework, research hypothesis, research methods, subject and sample, research instrument, data analysis, and conclusion for this chapter. 3.2 Research Framework The figure 3.1 shows the level of knowledge of GST among retailer research framework in this study. The framework summarized the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable. There are four independent variables which is knowledge, attitudes, resources, and channel has been used. The dependent variable is the awareness of GST among retailer in Kota Bharu Kelantan. 3.3Research Design

Flowcharting :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Flowcharting A flowchart is a planning tool that uses graphics or symbols to illustrate the steps of a particular process. In a business organization "flowcharting, also known as logic or flow diagramming, is an invaluable tool for understanding the inner workings of, and relation- ships between, business processes." (Harrington, 86) There are four basic flowcharts, each having a specific function and they include: block diagrams, ANSI standard flowchart, functional flowchart, and geographical flowchart. Understanding and applying flowcharts normally will improve the quality of a company's product or service. The most common type of flowchart is a block diagram, also known as a block flow diagram. "Block diagrams provide a quick overview of a process, not a detailed analysis. Normally they are prepared first to document the magnitude of the process; then another type of flowchart is used to analyze the process in detail." (Harrington, 92) Block diagrams use elongated circles to depict the beginning and the end of a flowchart, and all activities in between are represented by rectangles with lines and arrows connecting each activity. Of the four basic flowcharts, the block diagram is the easiest to understand and use. As previously stated, a block diagram is a flowchart that is used as a starting point. Applying the ANSI standard flowchart makes a perfect follow-up flowchart that provides greater detail using additional symbols. A rectangle is used to indicate a change of operation. A diamond is used to indicate that a decision is to be made. The movement or transportation of property is indicated by a fat arrow while a slim arrow denotes the movement from one process to another. An elongated circle depicts the beginning and the end of a process. The amount of detail involved with the ANSI standard flowchart accurately depicts the sequence of events of a specific business process. Another type of flowchart is a functional flowchart. "A functional flowchart identifies how vertically oriented functional departments affect a process flowing horizontally across an organization." (Harrington 101) For example, the hiring process might begin with a manager realizing the need for another employee so his request would then be submitted to the controller to evaluate the budget. The controller would then ask the personnel department to conduct interviews to search for an employee to hire. Using either standard or block flowchart symbols works effectively with a functional flowchart.

Belonging – ‘We Are Going’

What does the Oodgeroo Noonuccal poem ‘We Are Going’ have to say about Belonging and Not Belonging? How does the poet use language forms, features and structures to convey ideas and feelings? The poem ‘We Are Going’ by Oodgeroo Noonuccal is about the displacement of the Aboriginal people in Australian society/culture and their confusion about where or what to belong to as their traditional customs are taken away/forgotten. The text raises the issues and themes of ‘Belonging’ through a mostly-‘defeated’ tone as it shows their loss of tradition and culture in the new Australia.In order to create a sense of sympathy and consideration for the Aboriginal people, the poet uses a range of language forms and techniques to cause effect in this text. One of the most important of these is the writer’s use of Irony – in Lines 8-9 we see the words, â€Å"We are strangers here now, but the white tribe are the strangers. We belong h ere, we are of the old ways†. This statement, in particular, expresses the overall message of this poem while focusing on the ‘Belonging’ concept.The writer put forward the interesting yet tragic idea that the Aboriginal people no longer belong to their homeland, whereas the â€Å"White tribe† – who are unable to fully understand or appreciate it as the Indigenous do – have now overrun them and belong more to this land now than they do. This side of the poem brings it its tragic and â€Å"defeated† tone, thus affecting the reader. The language the poet uses is quite informal and colloquial, without using any slang. The feeling created is that of a story-telling almost.They also use some Indigenous words such as â€Å"corroboree† and â€Å"Dream Time†. This is in-keeping with the poet’s heritage and the nature of ‘belonging’ to a language and to a people. Using unusual, broken-meter and irregular phrasin g, the melancholy mood is heightened in that it doesn’t flow as a poem often does. This puts more emphasis on each line and makes it sound less like a poem, more like a short story. Then, in Lines 8-14, the constant repetition of the word â€Å"we† at the beginning of each line gives the poem a more defiant, hopeful edge; making it sound like a pledge.The blunt contrast between the words â€Å"We† and â€Å"They† at the beginning of many lines de-humanises the White people, making them seem more like an enemy or foe. The poet also uses very emotive words such as â€Å"Subdued and Silent†, â€Å"Dream Time†, â€Å"Laughter† and â€Å"Belong† to cause effect, as well as Visually-impacting words such as â€Å"Wandering Camp Fires†, â€Å"Lightening†, â€Å"Dark Lagoon† and â€Å"Shadow Ghosts†. These add to the emotional effect and eerie feel. Like a true Indigenous person (the author is clearly Aborigi nal by looking at her name and her use of â€Å"they† and â€Å"we†), they speak of the land like their mother, their provider (eg. The shrubs are gone, the hunting and the laughter. The eagle is gone, the emu and the kangaroo are gone from this place†, and so the poet asserts a strong connection and sense of ‘Belonging’ to the land and to their people, even though they are â€Å"dying out† as a culture and community. As the final line states, â€Å"And We Are Going†, the writer is not only stressing that their race or clan is becoming extinct, but also that the traditional Indigenous customs and traditions and being forgotten.These are a part of the Aboriginal culture and a significant thing, which they belong to as a people. This is shown through the writer’s emphasis on these customs and traditions in such lines as â€Å"We are the corroboree and the bora ground† and â€Å"We are the wonder tales of the Dream Time, the tribal legends told. † When the poet uses phrases like â€Å"The Shrubs are gone† and â€Å"The emu and kangaroo are gone from this place†, she doesn’t mean they are extinct completely, of course.What she is saying is, in fact, is that their traditional way of life is gone – the hunting and gathering, their â€Å"wandering camp fires†. The White people have come and taken over their land and have chased away many of the native plants, animals etc. and as such the Aboriginals are left confused and misplaced in their own land, becoming dependent on the Europeans for food, whereas before they were self-sufficient and able to hunt, and medicine, with the introduction of virus and disease.And so, basically, the poem is in fact a metaphor for the disappearing old way of life of the Aboriginal people and their connection and sense of Belonging to the land. It assumes a slightly nostalgic tone with traces of defiance in some parts but an overall sen se of hopelessness and defeat. Through it, we the reader meditate on the idea of ‘Belonging’ and ask ourselves what the Aboriginal people will belong to in our society where their old traditional ways are being taken away. In the words of Oodgeroo Noonuccal, â€Å"We Are Going†.

Health Promotion Proposal Essay

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate intervention for prevention of depression and substance use in children of depressed parents. Two interventions, one for depression, and one for substance use were used. Based on the results of questionnaires about substance use beliefs, family depression, and coping skills, a program was developed to prevent adolescent depression and substance use by strengthening parenting and family relationships and to make positive changes easier for children. This article is relevant to my proposal, and I will most likely use it later. It uses terminology that should be able to be understood by the targeted audience, and reiterates what past research has found. Hassan, I., & Ali, R. (2011). The association between somatic symptoms, anxiety disorders and substance use. A literature review. Psychiatric Quarterly, 82(4), 315-328. This article focused on the link between somatic symptoms and substance use. Those with anxiety disorders also were substance users, however the study was ambivalent, stating that some depression symptoms may have made the results difficult to discern. The article was confusing to me, and most likely would be difficult for the layperson to decipher as well. It also states that substance use may be a precursor for anxiety which further complicates understanding. This article is not targeted for the audience I would be attempting to reach, and I most likely will not use it in my proposal. It has some information that can be used for reference, however it is not exactly what I would be looking to use in my proposal. Meyer, J. P., Springer, S. A., & Altice, F. L. (2011). Substance abuse, violence, and HIV in women: A literature review of the syndemic. Journal of Women’s Health (15409996), 20(7), 991-1006. This article in a Women’s Health Journal focuses on poor women and th e barriers to medical care that they face. The authors who are medical doctors, certainly knowledgeable on the topic, speak of several issues that poor women have with accessing medical care; however substance use is mentioned as a contributing factor, not actually the main problem. The information seems reliable, with statistics included from a recent survey. Some information from this article may be used for my final proposal. Sheidow, A. J., McCart, M., Zajac, K., & Davis, M. (2012). Prevalence and impact of substance use among emerging adults with serious mental health conditions. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35(3), 235-243. This article is about adults and how they function in society while being impacted by substance use and serious mental health issues. It is an analysis of the correlation between adults who are impacted and those who are not, and reviews what the ensuing consequences are for those adults moving forward into adulthood. The authors of this article have a wide range of experience in this topic and psychotherapy. As peer reviewed journals and the most recent data was used, making it a reliable, trustworthy source. I will use information obtained from this article for my proposal. Greenfield, L., & Wolf-Branigin, M. (2009). Mental health indicator interaction in predicting substance abuse treatment outcomes in nevada. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 35(5), 350-357. This article reviews the indictors for predicting the outcome of substance use treatment in Nevada. Upon reviewing admission and discharge data, indicators of co-occurring disorders were a DSM diagnosis of mental health, alcohol, or other drug abuse, and a mental health agency referral. A large sample size was used to affirm reliability, with those under 18, and those entering detoxification removed for further validity as only adults were to participate. The study found that those who had at least one mental health indicator reported higher instances of substance use. The authors are experienced doctors on the topic of addictions, and Lawrence Greenfield has written at least two publications on the topic. I will use information from this article in my proposal. Wright, E., McGuiness, T., Moneyham, L. D., Schumacher, J. E., Zwerling, A., & Stullenbarger, N. (2012). Opioid abuse among nurse anesthetists and anesthesiologists. AANA Journal, 80(2), 120-128. This is an interesting article that informs the audience about the prevalence of opiod abuse among healthcare providers. This is an important fact to consider, as anesthesiologists have a higher risk for addiction, namely because of accessibility. This article is important to research since substance use in the general population is tracked, but substance use in anesthesiologists is difficult to trace due to legal ramifications and under reporting. The authors who are nurses and CRNA’s know first hand how prevalent the issue is. They include FAAN nurses and other well established nurses who do a great job in addressing the pertinent issues of substance use in anesthesiologists. The fact that healthcare providers are the focus of the article means that I will not use much information from within this source. Morgan, M. L., Brosi, W. A., & Brosi, M. W. (2011). Restoring older adults’ narratives about self and substance abuse. American Journal of Family Therapy, 39(5), 444-455. Discusses the older population and the challenges they face including substance abuse. It informs the audience of the assumptions that complicate the diagnosis and treatment of substance abuse for older adults. The authors of this article appear credible, and the article is recent which gives thanks to Dr Sara Smock for her input. Dr Smock is Assistant Professor at Texas Tech University. The article will be useful for some information in my proposal as the community does include the older population as well the young adults. Osborne, V. A., & Benner, K. (2012). Utilizing screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment: Teaching assessment of substance abuse. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), e37-8. The article gives a detailed review of a study that used screening, intervention, and treatment referral with social work students. The students received training on each of these methods used to assess alcohol and substance use. It goes on to describe how the study evaluated the student’s perceptions about alcohol and substance use pre and post training. The authors both hold doctorates and are well versed in social work, and each written publications on substance abuse. Although the results of the study provide important conclusions regarding the benefit of screening by social workers, it is geared more towards social workers or social work students. I will not use this source in my proposal. Office of national drug control policy evidence-based principles for substance abuse prevention- Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/prevent/evidence_based_eng.html This article describes Evidence-Based Principles aimed at preventing substance abuse. The Office of National Drug Control Policy is required to create and fulfill research based prevention for substance abuse in the community and other settings. Interventions included targeting specific populations at high or low risk for abuse; using methods proven to work, intervening at transitional stages in people’s lives in the home, school, workplace, etc., and evaluating the program’s effectiveness by ensuring goals have been reached. No author was named, however the references used for prevention interventions were from reliable sources such as The National Institute on Drug Abuse and the US Dept of Education. The focus of this article is relevant to my proposal; therefore I will use this source in my final proposal. Community-based substance abuse prevention. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.asapcenter.org/documents/Supporting%20Community-Based%20Substance%20Abuse%20Prevention.pdf This site provided information about a community health program in Cincinnati called The Health Foundation of Greater Cincinnati. To fulfill its goal of substance abuse prevention, and assist community groups, a center was created to provide training and grants for community groups. The article discusses and stresses the importance of prevention for all people, young and old, and the financial implications prevention has. The information from this article should be clear to lay persons, and will be useful for my proposal. References: Mason, W. W., Haggerty, K., Fleming, A., & Casey-Goldstein, M. (2012). Family intervention to prevent depression and substance use among adolescents of depressed parents. Journal Of Child & Family Studies, 21(6), 891-905. Hassan, I., & Ali, R. (2011). The association between somatic symptoms, anxiety disorders and substance use. A literature review. Psychiatric Quarterly, 82(4), 315-328. Meyer, J. P., Springer, S. A., & Altice, F. L. (2011). Substance abuse, violence, and HIV in women: A literature review of the syndemic. Journal Of Women’s Health (15409996), 20(7), 991-1006. Sheidow, A. J., McCart, M., Zajac, K., & Davis, M. (2012). Prevalence and impact of substance use among emerging adults with serious mental health conditions. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35(3), 235-243. Greenfield, L., & Wolf-Branigin, M. (2009). Mental health indicator interaction in predicting substance abuse treatment outcomes in nevada. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 35(5), 350-357. Wright, E., McGuiness, T., Moneyham, L. D., Schumacher, J. E., Zwerling, A., & Stullenbarger, N. (2012). Opioid abuse among nurse anesthetists and anesthesiologists. AANA Journal, 80(2), 120-128. Morgan, M. L., Brosi, W. A., & Brosi, M. W. (2011). Restoring older adults’ narratives about self and substance abuse. American Journal of Family Th erapy, 39(5), 444-455. Osborne, V. A., & Benner, K. (2012). Utilizing screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment: Teaching assessment of substance abuse. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), e37-8. Office of national drug control policy evidence-based principles for substance abuse prevention- Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/prevent/evidence_based_eng.html Community-based substance abuse prevention. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.asapcenter.org/documents/Supporting%20Community-Based%20Substance%20Abuse%20Prevention.pdf

Trifecta Not Always Appropriate

Trifecta Not Always Appropriate Trifecta Not Always Appropriate Trifecta Not Always Appropriate By Maeve Maddox Libby Lewis wonders about the different meanings of trifecta.: I had a student use it in a paper addressing racial discrimination: the United States ever growing trifecta of white, black, and brown. another student cited an article from MuscleMag magazine entitled Your Tri-Fecta for success.Can this word be used as a general reference to any trio? First lets look at the term perfecta. The OED identifies the gambling term as chiefly U.S. and defines it as a bet that requires the bettor to predict, in the correct order, the first and second finishers in a race. In New York state, this kind of bet is called an exacta. The OED entry for trifecta identifies it as a betting term used principally in North America, Australia, and New Zealand. Its a recent (1971) addition to English and derives from American Spanish perfecta which is a shortening of quiniela perfecta, perfect quiniela. Quiniela, game of chance. Entertainment writers were probably the first to use the word trifecta to mean any three awards won by an artist: Joe Lovano hit the trifecta at the Jazz Awards, with wins for tenor saxophonist, small ensemble and record of the year, but pianist-composer Vijay Iyer walked off with musician of the year honors They may also have been instrumental in turning trifecta into a mere synonym for three or trio. How’s this for a musical trifecta: the intriguing guitarist Charlie Hunter, the swinging Vanguard Jazz Orchestra and the imposing saxophone/drums/bass trio known as Fly. Some writers use trifecta in any context in which three of anything figure: Marchesa actually had a trifecta of successes. Marchesa is a fashion house and three women wore its designs to the Emmy awards. Jerrod Niemann Completes a Country Music Trifecta Niemann is going to play at the Grand Old Opry. Hes already played at two other venues on his wish list. Blue Spur eatery up for awards trifecta The restaurant has won the award twice before. MGM Recipients Achieve MacArthur Trifecta Andrea Ghez won the Maria Goeppert Mayer Award in 1999. She was the third woman to win this award, hence the trifecta in the headline. Its probably a reasonable extension of the word trifecta to use it to refer to the winning of a trio of awards as here: McMurray gave Ganassi his first Daytona 500 win in February. In May, Dario Franchitti won the Indianapolis 500 in one of Ganassi’s cars. On Sunday, Ganassi hit the unprecedented trifecta. No other car owner has won all three major races, much less in the same year. Used willy-nilly to mean three of anything, however, it smacks of lazy writing. Its use is especially inappropriate in this New Republic piece about the automotive industry: GM, Ford, and Chrysler are taking precisely the sorts of steps everybody says are necessaryor, at least, they were taking those steps until an unexpected trifecta of high gas prices, vanishing credit, and a deep recession hit. The word trifecta implies winning. High gas prices, vanishing credit, and a deep recession hardly fit the connotation. Here are some other three words to consider, depending upon the context: trio triple triad trilogy tripartite triplet troika Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?What is Dative Case?Drama vs. Melodrama