Literary Criticisms Essay

1. What are the different types of Literary Criticisms? * New Criticism / Formalism – This type of criticism concerns itself with the parts of a text and how the parts fit together to make a whole. Because of this, it does not bring in any information outside of the text: biography of the author, historical or literary allusions, mythological patterns, or the psychoanalytical traits of the characters (except those traits specifically described in the text.) * Archetypical or Mythic – This type of criticism looks at traditional meanings in literature. It uses clues such as symbols and images. * Empowerment – This type of criticism concerns the portrayal of social biases toward specific groups and forces readers to understand thematic content since many biases deal with issues such as independence, self-discovery, etc. * Marxist – This type of criticism concerns the representation of social classes, socioeconomic distinctions, and disparities, and the material conditions in which character functions. * Didactic or Moral – This type of criticism looks at the noble attempts literature makes to elevate readers above physical existence into the realm of moral goodness. It asserts that good literature should strengthen us by teaching us what having integrity and values means for society as well as the individual. * Auto/Biographical – This type of criticism attempts to understand literary works through the author’s life (including perceptions and beliefs) * Psychoanalytic – This type of criticism us based on Freudian Principles, it is best explained by briefly discussing and simplifying some terminology used. * Historical or New Historical – This type of criticism examines events surrounding the setting of a work and analyzes it within that context. It emphasizes the age during which the author lived and wrote to construct meaning within a literary work. * Feminist – This type of criticism is concerned with the literary representation of the females. * Deconstructionism – This type of criticism is the fundamental biases in language. This means that language cannot mean one thing. * Reader Response – This type of criticism focuses on the intellectual and emotional connections readers make with a work. It relies on the reader’s reaction to the literature. This type of criticism attempts to describe what happens in the reader’s mind while interpreting a text 2. History of Philippine Literature * August 13, 1898 – The American Forces occupied Manila. * 1899 – English Newspapers were published: The Courier, Insular Press, and Manila Freedom. * April 1900 – President William McKinley directed the Philippines Commission to make English the Official Medium of Instruction for all public schools. * 1900 – The Daily Bulletin was founded. * August 1901 – 600 American Teachers arrived on the transport of Thomas. They replaced the soldiers as Teachers. * 1901 – The Philippine Normal School was founded. This school trained Filipinos in the art of Teaching so that they could eventually take charge of Elementary Education. * 1902 – The Cablenews started. * 1905 – The Philippine Free Press began edited by F. Theodore Rogers. It was a bilingual weekly in English and Spanish. * 1908 – The Philippine Press published the first Filipino Short Stories in English. * 1908 – 1914 – Some students at the University of the Philippines collected and retold, in English, old Filipino Tales. These writings were published and gather by Dean S Fansier on Filipino Popular Tales in 1921. * 1921 – Graduates of the Manila High School published their English Writings in the Coconut. * 1913 – The Philippine Normal School introduced its publication, The Torch. * 1920 – the Philippines Herald began publication. Manuel Quezon founded it and Paz Latorena, Loreto Paras, Hose Garcia Villa, Casiano T. Calalang, and others edited its magazine section. * 1924 – Hartendorp became the editor f the Philippine Education Magazine. * 1925 – Pree Presso began paying for original manuscripts and offered Php1, 000.00 for the best stories. The Manila Tribune was founded, along with Graphico, the Woman’s Outlook, the Woman’s Home Journal, and the Philippine Collegian. Also, the Philippine Writer’s Association was organized with Rizal G. * 1927 – The Writers’ Club was founded at the University of the Philippines. * 1929 – The First Filipino Novel in English was A Child of Sorrow. And His Awakening by Ernest Lopez. * 1900 – 1930 – Significant writing of Essays, Short Stories, and Poems. Essays. The essay was a popular form of expression for the early writers. As early as 1926 essayist expressed the need for literature that was native and national. Many essays first appeared as newspaper columns and later they were published in anthologies. In 1921 Zoilo M. Galang published Life and Success, the first volume of essays in English. In that year Zoilo M. Galang also published another book of essays, Master of Destiny. Short Stories, Virginia R. Moreno has described the literary years 1910 – 19o24 as â€Å" †¦ a period of novices with their experiences both infliction-making and the use of the new language. 1925 – 1931 was the period of phenomenal growth among the practitioners in the art.† It is true that the early short stories were the work of novices. The tales were often romantic and the adventures, themes, and plots were sometimes imitated. There were difficulties in grammar and at times their wows a tendency toward sentimentalism. But gradually, certain writers appeared who showed that the novitiate periods were ending. Critics for their high literary quality praised Jorge Bacobo’s â€Å"Horrible Adventure† in the Philippine Review for May 1916, and Paz Marquez Benitez’s â€Å"The Siren of 34 Real† in the Philippine Review for July 1917. On September 20, 1925 The Philippines Herald published â€Å"Dead Stars† by Paz Marquez Benitez. This story was quickly recognized as one of the best short stories yet written by a Filipino. Poems. The first known Filipino poem in English is â€Å"Sursum Corda† by Justo Juliano. It appeared in the Philippines Free Press in 1907. This poem, along with others of that period, has been criticized as being too artificial and overwritten in order to achieve intensity. The early poems in book often borrowed images and similes from English or American poets. The first collection of poems in book form was Reminisces, by Lorenzo Paredes, in 1921. In 1922, Procopio Solidum published Never Mind, a collection of Filipino poetry in English. Rodolfo Dato edited an anthology of Filipino poems in 1924 under the title Filipino Poetry. In 1926 he published his own poems in Manila. Most critics agree that Marcelo de Garcia Concepcion was a leading poet of the early period. His Azucena was published in New York in 1925. His poems reveal simple images with deep sensitivity and original thought. Some poets who belonged to the early period of Philippine Literature were: Aurelio S. Alvero, Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion, Rafael Zulueta da Costa, Luis Dato, Vicente L. del Fierro, Virgilio Floresca, Angela Manalang Gloria, Jose M. Hernandez, A.E. Litiatco. References: http://quizlet.com/10480063/types-of-literary-criticism-flash-cards/ http://hhh.gavilan.edu/kwarren/LitCrit.html http://litgroupone.blogspot.com/2009/07/history-of-philippine-literature.html

Agricultural Change And Intensification In Britain Environmental Sciences Essay

Throughout the past century, the British agricultural system has experienced considerable changes in footings of direction patterns and attitudes to environmental protection. The most dramatic and influential alterations occurred in the late fortiess, with post-war mechanization. Following World War 2, concerns over nutrient security grew, motivating the Government to promote increased nutrient production. Emphasis was placed upon the usage of modern and intensive agricultural patterns to increase end product, ensuing in enhanced mechanization, enlargement and intensification ( Dobbs and Pretty, 2004 ) . However, a move to big scale agri-business resulted in profound and inauspicious effects on rural biodiversity and farming area home grounds with the over-exploitation of their valuable resources. Habitats underwent considerable debasement, peculiarly with hedge remotion to suit larger machinery, destructing extremely good nutrient beginnings and engendering home grounds for wildlife. Additionally, technological promotions led to the widespread execution of man-made chemical weedkillers and pesticides to increase outputs, which resulted in terrible damaging effects to flora, zoologies and H2O quality. Furthermore, the debut of larger and more sophisticated agricultural machinery and cultivated land procedures resulted in significant decreases to dirty quality, through compression and eroding. With 75 % of UK land classed as agricultural, cumulatively these damaging effects sparked major concern ( Montemayor et al. , 2010 ) .1.2 The Rise of Modern EnvironmentalismAs a consequence of the widespread debasement of agricultural ecosystems during the post-war period, the coming of modern environmentalism in the 1970s and 1980s focussed consciousness on the importance of extenuating the inauspicious impacts of agricultural intensification. The publication of Rachel Carson ‘s ‘Silent Spring ‘ in 1962 is thought to hold been a major landmark in the outgro wth of environmental consciousness ( Dunlap, 2008 ) . Carson highlighted the considerable damaging side-effects of pesticide use, peculiarly DDT. Concern was sparked amongst ecologists over the possible for bioaccumulation of DDT within ecosystems and its harmful generative impacts, peculiarly for birds. Doctors and the general population besides feared the harmful effects of indiscriminate DDT usage, due to toxicity and carcinogenic effects ( Carson, 1962 ) . Therefore, the publication of ‘Silent Spring ‘ instigated the modern environmental motion, and people became more cognizant of the jobs faced within the agricultural sector.1.3 The Common Agricultural PolicyThe European Union Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP ) provides agricultural subsidies to member provinces in order to advance sustainable agribusiness ( European Commission, 2010 ) . The CAP is made up of 2 pillars ; pillar 1 encompasses market support steps and direct payments for run intoing cross-compliance c riterions chiefly for the environment, nutrient safety and animate being public assistance. Pillar 2 nevertheless is focussed upon rural development programmes ( House of Lords, 2005 ) . The early CAP of the 1950s was focussed upon pillar 1 steps, for increasing autonomy through the proviso of inducements to husbandmans in order to promote greater productiveness. However, with the rise of modern environmentalism, the agricultural accent shifted towards environmental sustainability, doing a bifurcation of the function of land directors with the demand to non merely supply agricultural efficiency, but besides to integrate environmental protection ( ref ) . With increasing accent on environmental saving, and a realization of the potency of agro-ecological procedures, the United Kingdom introduced the first agri-environmental strategy in 1987, named the Environmentally Sensitive Areas strategy ( ESA ) . This was superseded by the Countryside Stewardship Scheme ( CSS ) in 1991 which was a consequence of the major CAP reforms of the 1990s, aimed at supplying for the altering demands of both the agricultural sector and the wider community ( Natural England ) . Figure 1.1 clearly illustrates the alterations to UK agri-environment strategies which took topographic point between 1973 and 2000, foregrounding the important changes to agricultural precede nces. Figure 1.1: Changes in UK agri-environment strategy subsidies from 1973 – 2000 ( beginning: Monetary value, 2003, p.122 ) . Degree centigrades: UsersEmPicturesimg010.jpg Since so, the demand to extenuate clime alteration has been progressively recognised, in order to restrict dirt and H2O debasement and to control the loss of biodiversity. Whilst direct pillar 1 subsidy payments still exist under the Single Farm Payment Scheme, accent has been shifted to pillar 2 policies ; redesigned to non merely crippled environmental harm, but heighten the agricultural landscape through the publicity of more sustainable agriculture patterns that will make a natural environment that is better suited to defy the impacts of climatic alteration.1.4 Environmental StewardshipThe Environmental Stewardship ( ES ) strategy was introduced in 2005, as a agency to counterbalance husbandmans for supplying specific environmental criterions that go beyond the cross-compliance standard of the CAP. ES strategies are administered for the authorities ‘s Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs ( DEFRA ) by Natural England, and are a cardinal constituent of the Europe an Union funded Rural Development Programme for England 2007-2013, conveying together the old CSS and ESA strategies ( Natural England ) . As keepers and stewards of the rural landscape, husbandmans have an intuitive ethical duty to continue and enrich farming area ecosystems ; nevertheless this is frequently non realistic in footings of fiscal viability ( ref ) . With the major challenges posed by clime alteration, and subsequent nutrient security issues, it has become progressively of import that support and counsel is made available for husbandmans and land directors. This enables the bringing of effectual environmental protection, whilst keeping premier agricultural land, to heighten the part of agribusiness to climate alteration extenuation through diminishing nursery gas emanations and bettering dirt C segregation ( Natural England ) . Environmental Stewardship strategies are presently the primary beginning of pecuniary inducements, dwelling of Entry Level Stewardship ( ELS ) , Higher Level Stewardship ( HLS ) , Organic Entry Level Stewardship ( OELS ) and Uplands Entry Level Stewardship ( UELS ) . It is recognised that little graduated table husbandmans must stay the focal point of such enterprises, explicating the demand for 4 different multi-objective strategies. The chief aims of Environmental Stewardship are to: preserve biodiversity maintain and enhance landscape quality protect the historic environment promote public apprehension and entree protect natural dirt and H2O resources ( Natural England, 2010 ) ELS enchiridion ) This survey will concentrate merely upon ELS and HLS ; explained in the undermentioned subdivisions.1.4.1 Entry Level StewardshipThe ELS strategy is a 5 twelvemonth understanding, open to all land directors in England, and offers a broad scope of options for simple yet effectual environmental direction. 30 points per hectare must be chosen from over 50 options, in order to have a payment of & A ; lb ; 30 per hectare per twelvemonth. Management options include the usage of buffer strips, assorted stocking, screen harvests, harvest rotary motion and watercourse fence ( Natural England ELS enchiridion ) . ELS is a wide and shallow, high uptake attack with environmental demands that are comparatively easy to run into without significantly changing direction patterns.1.4.2 Higher Degree StewardshipHLS normally builds upon ELS, OELS or UELS, offering a higher tiered direction strategy. It is more complex and demanding, necessitating well greater input, which is reflected in the higher comp ensation payments for direction input and capital plants. Emphasis is placed upon specialized land direction to supply important environmental addition in high precedence countries. HLS understandings last for 10 old ages, and are a competitory and discretional, narrow and deep attack with a lower application success rate. In add-on to the sweetening of ELS aims, HLS provides chances for bettering public entree and carry oning educational visits ( Natural England: HLS handbook 2010 ) .1.5 PurposesThis research undertaking aims to supply an original penetration into the effectivity of the Environmental Stewardship strategy. While other surveies focus upon the motivations of participants and the obstructions that limit engagement, this probe will turn to an underexplored, yet extremely relevant subject which relates non merely to agricultural patterns, but to wider environmental and anthropogenetic clime alteration concerns that remain at the head of current arguments.1.6 Research Que stionsThis probe aims to specifically turn to the undermentioned research inquiries: Are the ecological benefits to vegetations and zoologies well better under the Higher Level Stewardship Scheme when compared to the Entry Level Stewardship Scheme? Is there a pronounced sweetening of flora species richness under HLS when compared to ELS? Is H2O quality and therefore aquatic species diverseness enhanced under HLS? Does macrolepidoptera copiousness and composing exhibit significant sweetening under higher tiered direction schemes? Are dirt features significantly altered under different direction grades? 2. Overall, is Environmental Stewardship an effectual manner to pull off the rural landscape, and can the high fiscal input required be considered cost effectual in footings of the environmental return?1.7 AimsTo ease the scrutiny of the purposes and research inquiries the undermentioned aims will be used: 1. Identify 4 appropriate survey sites ; 2 ELS and 2 HLS managed farms in South Devon on which the necessary research can be conducted. 2. Undertake macroinvertebrate, dirt, flora and macrolepidoptera trying at each survey site. 3. Identify all species observed and collate informations obtained from each location. 4. Process informations utilizing appropriate graphical and statistical techniques. 5. Discourse the consequences that are obtained in order to derive a reasoned and representative rating of the effectivity of the different Environmental Stewardship direction grades. In order to carry through these aims, a literature reappraisal will be undertaken to supply farther penetration into the subject, and inform the informations aggregation, analysis and treatment chapters.

The Villain Of Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1056 Words

The Villain of Gatsby Here’s the thing about stories; they’re all different, but they’re all the same. Now, everyone knows how they’re different. Different letters make up different words which make up different sentences. It’s this difference that allows for multiple stories to be told. The other side of stories is much less understood. They’re all the same. This can be seen through the examination of archetypes, most importantly the hero vs the villain. It can be seen in every tale imaginable. Every batman has a joker, Luke will always face Darth Vader, and the mailman and dog will wage war to the end of time. It is by examining stories through these archetypes that it becomes easier to see their similarities. When it comes to The Great Gatsby, however, things become much more complicated. The story, complete with layers of deception, lust, and corruption blurs the traditional archetypes that a reader looks for in a story. When the individual qualities of the c haracters are examined, however, their roles can become much clearer. Through his obsession, his false identity, and his selfish attitude Jay Gatsby is the villain of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. The term hopeless romantic isn’t typically associated with villainous behaviors. You don’t see Romeo compared to Cruella De Ville fairly often. But when you look at Jay Gatsby, his romanticism, and more importantly his obsession, leads to the collapse of the story. Unfortunately for him, Gatsby allows oneShow MoreRelatedArchetypes In The Great Gatsby Essay950 Words   |  4 Pages Archetypes in The Great Gatsby. While The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is widely renowned for being a brand new take on the classic 1920s esque story, The Great Gatsby is very similar to the wonderful ancient works of old. Each character falls into a certain category in the age old temple of literature complete with their own goals and motives. The Great Gatsby is definitely unique in certain aspects and how it plays on the 1920s style of living, but the characters in the novel fit intoRead MoreGatsby and Hamlet Essays2219 Words   |  9 PagesExamining Hamlet and The Great Gatsby 1/9/13 According to Roger Lewis, â€Å"The acquisition of money and love are both part of the same dream, the will to return to the quintessential unity that exists only at birth and at death† (41). In both William Shakespeares play, Hamlet, and F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, the protagonists are willing to sacrifice all that they have in order to achieve their unrealistic objectives and ambitions, resulting in their tragic demises. While thereRead MoreHow Does Tom Buchanan Represent 1920s Society in the Great Gatsby?702 Words   |  3 Pagesin the great Gatsby and is greatly representative of the rich â€Å"old money† part of society, and, in many ways what was wrong with it. F. 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Scott Fitzgerald describes as the image of a spoiled, self-centred, and fun-lovingRead MoreDifferences Between The Great Gatsby Movie And Movie1339 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Gatsby: From the Page to Film Undeniably, ‘The Great Gatsby’ by F. Scott Fitzgerald and its film adaptation, which follows the storyline of Nick Carraway during the 1920’s, were both great successes, with readers widely recognizing the book as an American classic, and the film making a worldwide gross of about $351 million dollars, while also winning two Oscars. Although the movie is a satisfactory adaptation there are still some minor and major differences between the two that standRead MoreEssay Differences Between The Great Gatsby Movie And Movie1406 Words   |  6 PagesUndeniably, ‘The Great Gatsby’ by F. Scott Fitzgerald and its film adaptation, which is set in the 1920’s and follows the storyline of the narrator Nick Carraway after he moves to West Egg on Long Island, were both great successes, with the book becoming widely recognized as an American classic, and the film making a worldwide gross of about $351 million and winning two Oscars. Although the movie is a satisfactory adaption with a lot of the plot being similar, there are still some minor and majorRead MoreSummer of Wealth, Dreams and Desires in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald720 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Gatsby a, novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald, follows a cast of characters abiding in the town of East and West Egg on affluent Long Island in the summer of 1922. Each of the characters, while part of the same story line, have different priorities and agendas, each character working towards achieving what they think would benefit them the most. 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Unfortunately, this role was often negative, without cause to be so. Edith Whartons Ethan Frome and F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby are examples of American literature in which women are needlessly vilified. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald presents three women in an especially bad light. Daisy Fay Buchanan, the narratorsRead MoreHow Darwin Has A Profound Effect Beyond The World Of Science1396 Words   |  6 Pagesthere is no doubt that they care about their own Pokà ©mon, they are always stealing other trainers’ Pokà ©mon and devising ruthless schemes in hopes for a quick path to wealth and fame. This trait is not fit for the Pokà ©mon world, and as a result, the villains are stuck in the same path game after game. On the other hand, the player generally cares for their Pokà ©mon and strives to do right in the world. Therefore, the player is able to advance through the region, defeating gyms and ultimately reaching

Understand the Importance of Promoting Equality and...

Understand the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people. 1.1 Identify the current legalisation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. Below is a list of the legislations which form the basic government statutory codes of practice and frameworks that school policies and procedures should have in relation to equality and inclusion. United Nations Convention on the rights of the Child. This is set up to make sure that all children have rights. All humans have the right to have civil, economic, social, political and cultural rights. It set out details of what every child needs to have a safe, happy and fulfilled childhood regardless of sex,†¦show more content†¦Human Rights Act 1998 This Act is set up to set out the rights of people and allow them to take action against organisations if there rights have been affected. This means that if someone is treated unfairly, or discriminated against then they are entitled to take actions against the person/school or organisation involved. Equality Act 2006 and 2010 The Legal responsibilities of public bodies and schools to provide equality of opportunity for everyone. This covers the nine equality laws. This means that you need to take into account every childs individual needs. The Childcare Act 2006 This Act is set up to set out the duties of local authorities with respect to improving the Every Child Matters outcomes and make sure sufficient inspections are carried out. I must be aware and follow the 5 Ever Child Matters outcomes. Children Act 1989 and 2004 Set out the duty of local schools to provide the relevant services for the needs of children and to ensure that they are safe and their welfare is good. It also sets out the duty to provide effective and accessible services for all children and underpins the five Every Child Matters outcome with are 1, Be Healthy 2, Stay Safe 3, Enjoy and Achieve 4, Mark a Positive Contribution and 5, Achieve Economic Wellbeing. This mean I need to be aware of the other services available such as speech therapist and the Every Child MattersShow MoreRelatedUnderstand the Importance of Promoting Equality and Diversity in Work with Children and Young People755 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstand the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people In my assignment I am going to discuss promoting equality and diversity. The importance of supporting the rights of children and young people is that not all children are the same. They learn at different paces and many need support to help them e.g. one to one teaching, speech therapy, disability problems ect. They all deserve the right to learn and go to the school they choose. Also if you penaliseRead MoreDiscrimination and Young People706 Words   |  3 Pages Promote equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people 3 2 Assessment criteria The learner can: 1.1 Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity 1.2 Explain the importance of promoting the rights of all children and young people to participation and equality of access 1.3 Explain the importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity in work with children and young people 1.4 InteractRead MoreTDA 3.61678 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 306 Promote equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people Outcome 1 Promote equality and diversity in work with children and young people 1.1 Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity The education act is based towards the school responsibilities towards children with special educational needs. It means schools must provide resources, equipment and extra support to meet the needsRead MoreEquality in Schools819 Words   |  4 Pagesequality in schoolsIntroduction Every child has the right to access the curriculum, Equality of access. This means that children can work to the best of their ability and be treated equally within their learning. The schools have a duty to support these rights and they must be reflected through their policies and procedures and must comply with current legislations and codes of practice. The Equality Act 2010 1.2 All pupils have the right to a broad and balanced curriculum. This must also beRead MoreUnit 2042700 Words   |  11 PagesUnit 204 equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people. Outcome 1 understand the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people. Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. Equality is ensuring individuals or groups of individuals are treated fairly and equally and no less favourably specific to their needs. Including areas of race, gender, disabilityRead MoreDiscrimination and Child1723 Words   |  7 PagesSCMP3-1.1 How current and relevant legislation and policy affects work with children and young people. Children’s individual needs Quality of care Choice of service Management staffing Complaints protections Plan to support child, working in partnership with social worker and adhere to policies. Individual needs are met. To maximise the chance of positive outcomes for children. All of the policies and procedures by which I work are defined by The Childrens Act 1989 which legislates for EnglandRead MoreTda 2.4 - Equality, Diversity Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People2579 Words   |  11 PagesTDA 2.4 - Equality, Inclusion amp; Diversity In Work With Children and Young People. | Kerri Cook | | Contents Section One: Page 4 Legislation, participation, equal access and valuing and promoting cultural diversity. Section Two: Page 8 Prejudice amp; Discrimination and own attitudes, values and opinions. section three: Page 13 group inclusion Contents Page 4 - Section One Page 5 - 1.1 - Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuingRead MoreAnalysis Of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie The Dangers Of A Single Story 986 Words   |  4 PagesChimamanda Ngozi Adichie, in a TED Talks presentation titled â€Å"The Dangers of a Single Story†, introduces her concept of the single story as having an incomplete perspective on topics such as race, gender equality, and sexual identity that translate to how people perceive each other. People who suffer from a single story rely on their partial judgment to make decisions about others rather than to make decisions on what is factual. Being exposed to various literature is crucial in avoiding the dangersRead MoreThe Code Of Practice That Promote Equality And Valuing Of Diversity Area à ¢Ã‚‚Å ¹1444 Words   |  6 Pageshe current legislation and codes of practice that promote equality and valuing of diversity areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The Equality Act 2010 This act bought together a range of anti-discrimination acts to protect people, children and young people against discrimination for having a disability, the colour of their skin or their gender. The SEN Code of Practice 2001 This act made improvements so that children were able to have more of a chance of being in mainstream school, it was also able to give parents more rightsRead MoreEssay on Tda 2.42734 Words   |  11 PagesTDA 2.4 Equality and diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people. 1.1. Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. Equality Act 2010 The Equality Act 2010 aims to protect disabled people and prevent disability discrimination. It provides legal rights for disabled people in the areas of: †¢ employment †¢ education †¢ access to goods, services and facilities including larger private clubs and land based

Animal Testing Should Not Be Banned - 847 Words

Nearly every disease known to humans has been researched at some point in time using animals (Lee). As a matter of fact 100 million animals are used in chemical, food, cosmetic, and medical testing every year (Mendoza). Testing on animals can be cruel and inhumane. Many of the test done to animals have already been performed. Despite animal testing alternatives many researchers still use animals in research today. Animals should not be used in research. Specifically 1.8 million animals are used in university licensed research. For example Oxford University has used 190,169 animals and Cambridge University has used 169,353 animals (Connor 16). Several other universities also use animals in research. Furthermore not all animals are used in†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, many animals are being subjected to sickness, pain, and early death (Moss A.12). For instance live animals are sometimes used in car crash testing (Manning) and one facility removes monkey fetuses by C-secti on, aborts, and sells the fetuses along with the monkeys’ breast milk (Lush). It is important to relize that animals can feel physical pain and can understand and experience emotional pain. In particular monkeys have the intellectual capability similar to young children (Panahi 18). Plus, mice and rats are compassionate, intelligent, and social creatures. For the most part, the understanding of these animals has not reached the public, but over time more and more people have gotten to know what goes on inside research labs (Avila). The battle over animal rights dates back to the 17th century (Spevack). In the year 1655 Edmund O’ Meara states that the pain a subject endures during a dissection will interfere with the accuracy of the results. Then in the year 1892 the American Humane Association wants laws prohibiting the repetition of already known tests. By the time 1959 the three R’s came out: Reduction- fewer animals used in experiments, Replacement- use non-a nimal alternatives, and Refinement- try not to cause pain, distress, or suffering (â€Å"Animal Rights Timeline†).

Research Proposal for Assessment of Psychological- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theResearch Proposal for Assessment of Psychological. Answer: Introduction Social relationships are one of the most studied factors that contribute to quality of life (QoL) among cancer patients. It is a well recognised fact that cancer diagnosis and its exhaustive treatment are stressful events and create extreme emotional burden on the patient the family members. Recent studies have focused on the different psychosocial characteristics of cancer. Psycho-oncology has shown rapid developments in the past two decades and has led to the creation of a model that associates oncology with the psychological domain (Crist Grunfeld, 2013). Being diagnosed with cancer is likely to create severe physical and emotional stress. Research studies predominantly focus on individual coping mechanisms such as inhibition and fighting spirit. Coping is therefore considered as the response to a perceived self-threat, such as life-threatening diseases like cancer. Coping involves several strategies that focus on the problem such as seeking instrumental support and planning, and targets the emotional distress caused due to the illness. Strategies like searching for emotional support and acceptance also work to reduce the distress. These coping techniques lead to the establishment of positive outcomes among cancer patients and enhance their overall well-being and quality of life (Schmidt et al., 2012). This research proposal aims to develop a qualitative study based on the grounded theory that will help to assess how cancer patients cope with their health status. Literature review Coping with cancer diagnosis and its treatment is therefore characterized as a dyadic affair. Several notable researches have been done to evaluate the mechanisms by which cancer patients cope in their life and the subsequent effects on their quality of life. The PICO framework was utilized to find clinically relevant evidences (Cooke, Smith Booth, 2012). For this literature review, electronic databases like SCOPUS, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library were used. The review includes peer reviewed journals that were published in English and contained information on coping strategies among cancer patients. The journals with date of publishing not before 2012 were selected. Exclusion criteria contained journals that were published prior to 2012, non-English articles, and dissertations and published abstracts. The search terms were cancer, coping, quality of life, psychosocial, grounded theory, and coping strategies. One study investigated the coping strategies that were utilized by young adult s diagnosed with advanced cancer and also examined the relationship between psychological distress and the identified coping strategies. 53 YA participants were recruited and their informed consent was taken prior to starting the research. On statistical analysis of the Brief COPE 24 item scale and the Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (PG-12), it was found that 6 coping factors were associated with the factor analysis. The factors identified were proactive coping, distancing, support seeking, respite seeking, acceptance and negative expressions. On the other hand, physical wellbeing and dependent children were found to be confounding variables that predicted grief among such patients. Physical wellbeing showed negative correlation with respite seeking and grief (rs=-0.33, p0.05). Thus, the study successfully identified the most effective coping strategies related to cancer among young adults. Support-seeking, acceptance coping and proactive coping were found to be the most frequently used coping strategies (Trevino et al., 2012). Another study illustrated the grounded theory with respect to survivorship among breast cancer patients. The electronic mailing list software, LISTSERV was used to make an announcement, which was posted on the SHARE Web site. The primary aim of this announcement was to recruit women who were known to be diagnosed with breast cancer and were presently undergoing treatment. 15 respondents were recruited for the study. The experiences and perceptions of the enrolled women revealed that diagnosis of breast cancer acted as a turning point in their life. They recognized breast cancer as a part of their lives, learned to live with the disease and gradually worked towards creating a new life in the long run. Results showed that survivorship in breast cancer was marked by time, support and coming to terms with the associated trauma and treatment aftermath. Self-healing, developing new perspectives, creating new mindset and experiencing wellbeing and growth through all adversities enhanced the survivorship (Sherman, Rosedale Haber, 2012). Evidences from a meta-analysis and systematic review, which measured the psychosocial interventions among couples coping with cancer, showed that couple-based interventions play a significant role in improving quality of life aspects in both patients and their partners. A total of 43 randomized controlled trial studies were used. Couple-based interventions were found to create beneficial effects on the patients who had been diagnosed with cancer (Badr Krebs, 2013). Another study was conducted to inquire about the social context of communication and lived experiences of cancer patients, based on the grounded theory. Potential participants were made to complete an interview that would assess their suitability for the study. All participants were aged 18-74 years and did not have any intellectual disabilities. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric interview was used to measure Axis 1, which provided a description of the distress nature and level among the respondents. Results from th e studies revealed that the Axis 1 diagnostic criteria were met by 50 participants. Three models were obtained from the research; the first model described the ways of quality of care evaluation by patients. On the other hand, the remaining 2 models referred to cancer-coping process where coping attempts via communication and the associated loss or distress were described. It created avenues for further research on cancer interventions (Knott et al., 2012). Another meta-analytic review was conducted that focused on measuring self-efficacy coping strategies and evaluated their association with psychosocial outcomes among cancer patients. The CBI scale was used to measure the distress level. It was found that self-efficacy was negatively correlated with distress outcomes. Positive correlations were displayed by between coping with cancer and self-efficacy. Therefore, the study helped in establishing the fact that people with high efficacy showed less anxiety and was better able to adjust to stressful situations upon diagnosis of cancer (Chirico et al., 2017). Results from another qualitative interview, conducted among patients with lung, prostate and breast cancer showed that people suffering from advanced cancer and their family members develop coping strategies that help them to effectively manage the psychological wellbeing. The major coping strategies that contribute to wellbeing of the individuals are support, indulgence and learning from peers (Walshe et al., 2017). Research question The aims of this research are as follows: What strategies are adopted by people to cope with their life at an advanced stage of cancer? What are the psychological impacts of cancer on the patient and the family members? When are these coping strategies thought to be effective and why? Theoretical framework The grounded theory principles will be used to conduct the research. It refers to a series of systematic inductive methods that are used to conduct qualitative research, which is aimed towards development of thetheory. The methodological strategies that are involved in this theory aim to develop middle-leveltheoriesfrom the obtained results directly. Strong empirical foundations are used to build the power of the analyses. A focused, conceptual and abstract theory will be obtained toexplain the empirical phenomena being studied (Charmaz Belgrave, 2012). This theory has been used by several other research studies to explore how family members utilize coping strategies during cancer diagnosis and treatment. The groundedtheorywill be used owing to its significance in providing sequential guidelines that will help to conduct the research (Wolfswinkel, Furtmueller Wilderom, 2013). Moreover, the theory will offer strategies to handle the inquiry phases; will assist in streamlining data c ollection and analysis. The research will also get legitimized on application of this theory. Research site 3 cancer hospitals in Queensland, Australia will be selected as the research site. Site selection plays a significant role in successful conduction of clinical or qualitative research. Improper selection of the research site can lead to compromise of the results that the research aims to achieve. On matching the criteria for research site selection to the specific requirements and features of the proposal, the likelihood of efficient conduction of the research study will increase. Moreover, it will lead to availability of sufficient amount of superior quality data to achieve the study outcomes. 3 cancer hospitals will be selected as the site owing to the huge prevalence of cancer in Australia. Cancer was the leading cause of death in Australia (Torre et al., 2015). It was reported to be the second leading death cause in the year 2014. The hospitals that provide screening and treatment facilities for breast, bowel and prostate cancer will be selected due to greater incidence of these 3 cancer types in Australia. Sample Detailed sheets that contained information on the proposed study will be distributed at the waiting areas and to oncologists practicing at each of the 3 selected hospitals. All potential participants will be screened for meeting the eligibility criteria before being recruited for the study. The participants should meet the following criteria: They should be aged above 18 years. There will be no upper age limit. They should have received a diagnosis for breast, prostate or bowel cancer. They should be able to speak fluent English. There should be no intellectual impairment in the participants. They should be residents of Queensland. They should be available for undergoing psychological treatments on a weekly basis if required. The exclusion criteria would include: Physically unwell patients. Those with DSM-IV psychotic disorder. Data generation Informed consent will be taken separately from each participant before commencing the study. A moderator trained in the qualitative research methods will carry out structured interviews for individual participants. They will be welcomed by the moderator and their permission will be taken before audio recording their responses to the interview questions. They will then be asked to respond to the questions without any apprehensions. The interview transcript will be coded, using the NVivo 10 software, to make the study more sensitive theoretically (AlYahmady Alabri, 2013). The interview would contain several questions, some of which are stated below: How long have you been diagnosed with cancer? What were your immediate reactions? Do you know how the cancer developed? What did you find about your illness? What makes you feel that you had a good day? How do you manage to make terms with the illness? How do you communicate with your friends and family after the diagnosis? Does the oncologist effectively communicate with you? Are your family and friends supportive? Do you feel pessimistic ever since the disease has been detected? Are you happy with the treatment? Data analysis The obtained results will be analysed using Glasers framework of grounded theory. The limited codes obtained during the interview phase would be collected and applied to a larger data (Kolb, 2012). This will be followed by a comparison of the coded data with the larger set. This constant comparison method would lead to continuous verification of the responses and will lead to the formation of a rich and detailed theory on the psychological effects on cancer patients (Thornberg Charmaz, 2014). Ethical issues Some major ethical concerns that should be taken into account before carrying out the research are: confidentiality, anonymity and informed consentof the participants. No personal information of the patients should be shared or revealed. All possible efforts should be taken to reduce intrusion into patient autonomy (Damianakis Woodford, 2012). Moreover, it is of utmost importance to taken informed consent of the participants prior to data collection. They should be given a detailed explanation of the nature of the research, their role, the objectives of the study and how the results would be published and utilized. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that people who suffer from cancer often find the physical, social and emotional effects of the disease to be extremely stressful. Patients who successfully attempt to manage this stress with indulgence into behaviors or those who start following sedentary lifestyle, after cancer treatment often report poor quality of life. In contrast, people who efficiently utilize coping strategies such as relaxation, emotional support and acceptance display positive health and psychological outcomes. This report therefore aimed to propose a study that would evaluate the psychological impacts on cancer patients with respect to the coping strategies they follow, using the grounded theory approach. References AlYahmady, H. H., Alabri, S. S. (2013). Using NVivo for data analysis in qualitative research.International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education,2(2), 181-186. Badr, H., Krebs, P. (2013). A systematic review and meta?analysis of psychosocial interventions for couples coping with cancer.Psycho?Oncology,22(8), 1688-1704. Charmaz, K., Belgrave, L. (2012). Qualitative interviewing and grounded theory analysis.The SAGE handbook of interview research: The complexity of the craft,2, 347-365. Chirico, A., Lucidi, F., Merluzzi, T., Alivernini, F., De Laurentiis, M., Botti, G., Giordano, A. (2017). A meta-analytic review of the relationship of cancer coping self-efficacy with distress and quality of life.Oncotarget,8(22), 36800-36811. Cooke, A., Smith, D., Booth, A. (2012). Beyond PICO: the SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis.Qualitative Health Research,22(10), 1435-1443. Crist, J. V., Grunfeld, E. A. (2013). Factors reported to influence fear of recurrence in cancer patients: a systematic review.Psycho?Oncology,22(5), 978-986. Damianakis, T., Woodford, M. R. (2012). Qualitative research with small connected communities: Generating new knowledge while upholding research ethics.Qualitative health research,22(5), 708-718. Knott, V., Turnbull, D., Olver, I., Winefield, A. (2012). A grounded theory approach to understand the cancer?coping process.British journal of health psychology,17(3), 551-564. Kolb, S. M. (2012). Grounded theory and the constant comparative method: Valid research strategies for educators.Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies,3(1), 83. Schmidt, S. D., Blank, T. O., Bellizzi, K. M., Park, C. L. (2012). The relationship of coping strategies, social support, and attachment style with posttraumatic growth in cancer survivors.Journal of Health Psychology,17(7), 1033-1040. Sherman, D. W., Rosedale, M., Haber, J. (2012, May). Reclaiming life on one's own terms: a grounded theory study of the process of breast cancer survivorship. InOncology nursing forum(Vol. 39, No. 3). Thornberg, R., Charmaz, K. (2014). Grounded theory and theoretical coding.The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis, 153-169. Torre, L. A., Bray, F., Siegel, R. L., Ferlay, J., Lortet?Tieulent, J., Jemal, A. (2015). Global cancer statistics, 2012.CA: a cancer journal for clinicians,65(2), 87-108. Trevino, K. M., Maciejewski, P. K., Fasciano, K., Greer, J., Partridge, A., Kacel, E. L., ... Prigerson, H. G. (2012). Coping and psychological distress in young adults with advanced cancer.The journal of supportive oncology,10(3), 124. Walshe, C., Roberts, D., Appleton, L., Calman, L., Large, P., Lloyd-Williams, M., Grande, G. (2017). Coping well with advanced cancer: a serial qualitative interview study with patients and family carers.PloS one,12(1), e0169071. Wolfswinkel, J. F., Furtmueller, E., Wilderom, C. P. (2013). Using grounded theory as a method for rigorously reviewing literature.European journal of information systems,22(1), 45-55.

Mindless Behavior free essay sample

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